Humanities

How to Create a Rubric in 6 Steps

How to Create a Rubric in 6 Steps How to Create a Rubric: Introduction Perhaps you have never even thought about the care it takes to create a rubric. Perhaps you have never even heard  of a rubric and its usage in education, in which case, you should take a peek at this article: What is a rubric? Basically, this tool that teachers and professors use to help them  communicate expectations, provide focused feedback, and grade products, can be invaluable when the correct answer is not as cut and dried as Choice A on a multiple choice test. But creating a great rubric is more than just slapping some expectations on a paper, assigning some percentage points, and calling it a day. A good rubric needs to be designed with care and precision in order to truly help teachers distribute and receive the expected work.   Steps to Create a Rubric The following six steps will help you when you decide to use a rubric for assessing an essay, a project, group work, or any other task that does not have a clear right or wrong answer.   Step 1: Define Your Goal Before you can create a rubric, you need to decide the type of rubric youd like to use, and that will largely be determined by your goals for the assessment. Ask yourself the following questions: How detailed do I want my feedback to be?  How will I break down my expectations for this project?Are all of the tasks equally important?How do I want to assess performance?What standards must the students hit in order to achieve acceptable or exceptional performance?Do I want to give one final grade on the project or a cluster of smaller grades based on several criteria?Am I grading based on the work or on participation? Am I grading on both? Once youve figured out how detailed youd like the rubric to be and the goals you are trying to reach, you can choose a type of rubric. Step 2: Choose a Rubric Type Although there are many variations of rubrics, it can be helpful to at least have a standard set to help you decide where to start. Here are two that are widely used in teaching as defined by DePaul Universitys Graduate Educational department: Analytic Rubric: This is the standard grid rubric that many teachers routinely use to assess students work. This is the optimal rubric for providing clear, detailed feedback. With an analytic rubric,  criteria for the students work is listed in the left column and performance levels are listed across the top. The squares inside the grid will typically contain the specs for each level. A rubric for an essay, for example, might contain criteria like Organization, Support, and Focus, and may contain performance levels like (4) Exceptional, (3) Satisfactory, (2) Developing, and (1) Unsatisfactory.​ The performance levels are typically given percentage points or letter grades and a final grade is typically calculated at the end. The scoring rubrics for the ACT and SAT are designed this way, although when students take them, they will receive a holistic score.   Holistic Rubric:  This is the type of rubric that is much easier to create, but much more difficult to use accurat ely. Typically, a teacher provides a series of letter grades or a range of numbers (1-4 or 1-6, for example) and then assigns expectations for each of those scores. When grading, the teacher  matches the student work in its entirety to a single description on the scale. This is useful for grading multiple essays, but it does not leave room for detailed feedback on student work.   Step 3: Determine Your Criteria This is where the learning objectives for your unit or course come into play. Here, youll need to brainstorm a list of knowledge and skills you would like to assess for the project. Group them according to similarities and get rid of anything that is not absolutely critical. A rubric with too much criteria is difficult to use! Try to stick with 4-7 specific  subjects for which youll be able to create unambiguous, measurable expectations in the performance levels. Youll want to be able to spot the criteria quickly while grading and be able to explain them quickly when instructing your students. In an analytic rubric, the criteria are typically listed along the left column.   Step 4: Create Your Performance Levels Once you have determined the broad levels you would like students to demonstrate mastery of, you will need to figure out what type of scores you will assign based on each level of mastery. Most ratings scales include between three and five levels. Some teachers use a combination of numbers and descriptive labels like (4) Exceptional, (3) Satisfactory, etc. while other teachers simply assign numbers, percentages, letter grades or any combination of the three for each level. You can arrange them from highest to lowest or lowest to highest as long as your levels are organized and easy to understand.   Step 5: Write Descriptors for Each Level of Your Rubric This is probably your most difficult step in creating a rubric.Here, you will need to write short statements of your expectations underneath each performance level for every single criteria. The descriptions should be specific and measurable. The language should be parallel to help with student comprehension and the degree to which the standards are met should be explained. Again, to use an analytic essay rubric as an example, if your criteria was Organization and you used the  (4) Exceptional, (3) Satisfactory, (2) Developing, and (1) Unsatisfactory scale, you would need to write the specific content a student would need to produce to meet each level. It could look something like this: 4Exceptional 3Satisfactory 2Developing 1 Unsatisfactory Organization Organization is coherent, unified, and effective in support of the papers purpose andconsistently demonstrateseffective and appropriatetransitionsbetween ideas and paragraphs. Organization is coherent and unified in support of the papers purpose and usually demonstrates effective and appropriate transitions between ideas and paragraphs. Organization is coherent insupport of the essays purpose, but is ineffective at times and may demonstrate abrupt or weak transitions between ideas or paragraphs. Organization is confused and fragmented. It does not support the essays purpose and demonstrates alack of structure or coherence that negativelyaffects readability. A holistic rubric would not break down the essays grading criteria with such precision. The top two tiers of a holistic essay rubric would look more like this: 6 Essay demonstrates excellent composition skills including a clear and thought-provoking thesis, appropriate and effective organization, lively and convincing supporting materials, effective diction and sentence skills, and perfect or near perfect mechanics including spelling and punctuation. The writing perfectly accomplishes the objectives of the assignment. 5 Essay contains strong composition skills including a clear and thought-provoking thesis, but development, diction, and sentence style may suffer minor flaws. The essay shows careful and acceptable use of mechanics. The writing effectively accomplishes the goals of the assignment. Step 6: Revise Your Rubric After creating the descriptive language for all of the levels (making sure it is parallel, specific and measurable), you need to go back through and limit your rubric to a single page. Too many parameters will be difficult to assess at once, and may be an ineffective way to assess students mastery of a specific standard. Consider the effectiveness of the rubric, asking for student understanding and co-teacher feedback before moving forward. Do not be afraid to revise as necessary. It may even be helpful to grade a sample project in order to gauge the effectiveness of your rubric. You can always adjust the rubric if need be before handing it out, but once its distributed, it will be difficult to retract.   Teacher Resources: Creative Writing Prompts for High School Students14 Ways to Write Better in High SchoolThe Top Reading Skills to Teach Your StudentsGreat Books to Recommend To Teens

Respiratory therapy case study asthma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Respiratory therapy case study asthma - Essay Example P: The patient must be treated aggressively since she is presenting symptoms of life-threatening exacerbations of asthma, including: severe asthma history, poorly controlled asthma, psychological factors/anxiety, previous hospitalization for asthma, and history of intubations with mechanical ventilation. Albuterol must also be stopped as this further aggravates bronchospasm. Hence, the following respiratory care protocol must therefore be administered: (1) 100 percent nonrebreather face mask, (2) continuous SaO2 monitor/pulse oximetry, (3) inhaled short acting beta2-agonist hourly or continuously with the addition of anticholinergic, (4) IV fluid is a must since insensible water losses are increased with the work of breathing. IV hydration also helps in reducing viscosity and mucus plugging; however, urine input and output should be monitored to avoid overhydration, (5) intravenous corticosteroids, (6) CBC, electrolytes, ABG, chest radiograph, EKG, and theophylline level should be o btained (Veteran Health Administration, 2002). Leukotriene modifiers is known for its anti - inflammatory effects and should be added to the aforementioned medications (Louisiana State University database, 2006). Additionally, ABG revealed that patient has metabolic acidosis (HCO3- 19 mmol/L), an ominous sign of asthma. The patient has metabolic acidosis as a compensatory mechanism of impending respiratory alkalosis. Treating the underlying causes of respiratory alkalosis such as anxiety and asthma per se is a must to avoid further complication. It should be noted that if possible, intubation and mechanical ventilation should be avoided if at all possible, because the â€Å"underlying dynamic hyperinflation will worsen with positive-pressure ventilation† (Werner, 2001). Inspection: high fowler’s position, pursed-lips breathing, cyanotic, using accessory muscles of inspiration,

Critically analyse the proposition that Non-state actors are Essay

Critically analyse the proposition that Non-state actors are irrelevant to world politics - Essay Example According to Knutsen 2007, one of the proponents of liberalism, it was noted that the world liberalist reached a point where their contribution was no longer relevant to the world politics. As a result, the growth of non state actors was the only thing that would bring more changes to the world politics. Consequently, scholars with the same idea on Liberalism argued that those supporting Realism were longer in a position to give a comprehensive theory pertaining to world politics because numerous changes had taken place since the second world war (Levelev 2011). In this regard, it is argued that realist only come up paradigm leads to unsatisfactory results that do not give the actual analysis on world politics. Conversely, scholar associated to Realism schools of thought argue that it is through this school that analyzing of world politics have taken place in the best interest of the people. Having dated back to the period of second world war, their main agenda was to ensure that that the occurrence of another war would not be possible (Levelev 2011). In this regard, scholars assumed that states were the basic imperative actors in politics with relation to seeking power that acted as means and ends to itself. Never the less, both schools of thoughts have agreed that international politics revolve around the struggle for power (Moravcsik and Milner 2006). Reinalda 2011 argues that Liberalism is the best placed theoretical framework that has been used for over three decades to clearly demonstrate the importance of non -state actors in the world politics. Basically, non-state actors comprise of both transnational organizations and international governmental organizations, non-governmental organisations, companies, social movements. Through this theoretical framework, scholars urged their

Assignment about ethics 4 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

About ethics 4 - Assignment Example What are the defining / distinguishing features of moral courage? Elaborate to clarify what you mean by each. By definition there are five essential parts of moral courage, which include: existence and identification of a moral situation, moral choice, behavior, individuality, and fear. By counting existence and identification of a moral situation, it is meant that without a situation to prove the presence of moral courage in a person, the virtue of moral courage cannot be vindicated. By identifying the moral situation, the onlooker gets charged to react due to one’s inherent ethical values. The inherent values and principles compel the observer to react to the emerged situation. This leads to the second distinct feature of moral courage – moral choice (Miller, 2005). A person facing a moral situation must take a decision related to the moral alternative. By invoking the moral values and principles, the person must take not a legal but morally right decision (Miller, 20 05). The third feature of moral courage is behavior because it draws a line between moral courage and moral reasoning. Just thinking what should be done to come over the moral issue and actually doing that right action are two different things. It is behavior that leads to doing the right action (Miller, 2005). ... Fear is the last quality of a morally courageous person. He or she must acknowledge to oneself that fear of the negative outcome must be overpowered to take a morally courageous action. This fear factor is not to be managed outwardly, but it is an inner realization to face the situation, decide, and behave as per the decision taken. Facing and overpowering fear means one is ready to pay the price of one’s fearless behavior (Miller, 2005). Why is moral courage important? i.e., why are scholars interested in studying moral courage? Moral courage is important to keep intact the moral fiber of our life and society. Moral courage denotes strong will power that provides support to other human virtues. Human beings can gain heightened degree of perfection or sanctity of the heart through moral courage. A morally virtuous individual dedicating life for accomplishing good deeds cannot let others use wrong means. That’s why it is all the more important to teach and develop moral virtues among children through story-telling (Miller, 2005). Question 2: Answer to part (a) Think about a time that you either (a) displayed moral courage or (b) opted not to act in a morally courageous way. Describe the situation. Indicate what occurred, what you decided to you, what factors might have contributed to your decision and the outcome. Is there anything you might do differently if you faced that situation again? Or, is there anything you learned from class that might better prepare you / help you to manage better if you faced that situation again. It happened five years back. I was traveling in a train to reach back to my hostel after spending vacations at home with my family. The compartment I was traveling was fully

The Nestle Policy On The Environment Environmental Sciences Essay

The Nestle Policy On The Environment Environmental Sciences Essay Over the past several decades, significant progress has been achieved towards protecting the worlds environment. This objective remains a fundamental duty and a collective responsibility that must be shared between the public, governments and the private sector. As the World Food Company, Nestlà © is dedicated to providing consumers with the best food throughout life. Our Companys primary function is the transformation of perishable raw materials into finished products that meet consumers expectations for safety, quality, convenience, and value. From our earliest days, we have recognized the need to protect the environment in our business activities. Exercising this commitment, which is part of our broader commitment towards the good of the community, remains central to our business today and tomorrow. The Nestlà © Policy on the Environment was published in 1991 to define our world-wide strategy on environmental issues and to state our long-standing commitment to environmentally sound business practices. It is communicated internally within the Nestlà © Group and externally to all interested parties and institutions. Following its publication, the Nestlà © Environmental Management System (NEMS) was established to consolidate all environmental measures taken by the Nestlà © Group. The NEMS is being implemented across our entire business. Today, preserving natural resources and minimizing waste has become a part of day-to-day business for our employees and is an integral part of our strategy to achieve global competitiveness. The 1999 update of the Nestlà © Policy on the Environment reiterates our strong environmental commitment and reflects our priorities as we move into the new millennium. It also recognises developments in the international environmental arena. The application of the Nestlà © Policy on the Environment at every level of our operation forms an essential part of the Nestlà © Corporate Business Principles and enables us to contribute to sustainable development meeting the needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Research Development Nestlà ©s research and development centers have two primary objectives: to create new products and manufacturing processes and to improve those that already exist. Along with product quality and safety, the conservation of resources and the preservation of the environment form an integral part of the development criteria for new projects. Research and development encompasses a wide range of environmentally-related activities with emphasis on: environmentally sound production techniques and sourcing criteria for agricultural raw materials; processing methods that minimize water and energy consumption, as well as waste g eneration; packaging designs that reduce total waste and enable environmentally sound disposal options while safeguarding product safety and quality; and innovative ways to recover by-products and thus generate secondary raw materials and energy. For important product or process innovation and renovation, Nestlà ©s research and development centers prepare an environmental impact study. This covers significant aspects in the product life cycle, from the sourcing of raw materials, through processing, to the packaged consumer product and the end-life of the packaging material. This study is carefully evaluated, in conjunction with detailed information on the potential manufacturing site, to ensure that new projects meet Nestlà ©s environmental standards. Of the 807 million Swiss francs spent in 1998 on Nestlà © RD throughout the Group, a good part went towards enhancing the wholesomeness of our products. Additionally, these expenditures improved our production process, created better packaging, and avoided waste and unwanted residues. RD Is Making a Difference As an example, significant progress has been made in recent years in energy and water intensive blanching and cooking operations. At the end of these processes water must be removed which resulted in wasted energy and raw materials vegetables or pasta for example. Now water is replaced by steam at low pressure. As a result, water consumption was reduced by 80% and product losses during cooking were more than halved. This means lower costs for energy and for wastewater treatment, while at the same time increasing the product yield by 6%. In another example, extraction residues from the production of chicory-based instant drinks, which were expensive to dispose of, have been turned into a valuable animal feed ingredient. A recent processing improvement for french fries showed product quality can be significantly improved while also saving energy. One conclusion of RD is that what is good for the environment is often synonymous with good industrial practice. Preserving Species The disappearance of many species and varieties of animals and plants is a reality. Over the past few years, this issue has attracted increasing recognition and much is being done today to preserve the earths biological diversity. Industry plays an important role in these efforts since many business sectors depend on natures diversity for their sustainable success. Nestlà ©, as the worlds largest single buyer of coffee and cocoa, lives up to its responsibility by developing the most advanced preservation techniques for many different coffee and cocoa varieties threatened by extinction. In addition, Nestlà © collaborates with public research institutes to share its experience and makes its results freely available. In the future, Nestlà © RD units are determined to build environmental protection into products and processes right from the start. High on the agenda are integrated farming techniques involving minimal use of fertilizers and chemicals, and recourse to biological pest control methods whenever possible. SUPPLY CHAIN Agricultural Raw Materials In general, Nestlà © is not directly involved in the production of raw materials. Wherever possible, locally available raw materials are used. They are either obtained directly from producers or purchased through trade channels. Nestlà © applies the following principles when sourcing raw materials: all raw materials must meet both legal and internal quality criteria, including limits on possible environmental contaminants; whenever possible, preference is given to raw materials that are produced by environmentally sound farming methods (e.g. integrated crop management); and; farmers are encouraged to apply sustainable farming methods and, where appropriate, are provided with assistance in crop production and dairy farming. Such assistance includes the provision of recommendations for the conservation of natural resources (soil, water, air, energy, bio-diversity) and techniques for reducing environmental impact. Manufacturing Manufacturing comprises all processes that are necessary to transform perishable raw materials into safe and convenient food products for consumers. Nestlà © strives to achieve optimal performance in its manufacturing activities, including the environmental aspects. As such, the manufacturing practices of the Group: respect natural resources by emphasizing the efficient use of raw materials, water and energy; minimize the use of environmentally-hazardous substances; continuously seek improvement in the efficiency of production facilities; and reduce waste generation and emissions as much as possible, consider recycling of waste a priority and dispose of non-recyclable waste in an environmentally sound manner. Regular environmental assessments of Nestlà ©s manufacturing practices are conducted to: evaluate factory performance; review factory compliance with applicable legislation and Nestlà ©s own standards; fully investigate incidents that could affect the environment and take relevant measures; and compare results with previous targets and set new improvement objectives. In addition, Nestlà © exchanges information on environmental protection technology and practices in order to ensure a wide use of best practices. Nestlà © encourages its contract manufacturers to use environmentally sound manufacturing practices. Environmental Performance of Our Factories Minimizing the environmental impact of our factories has always been a prime consideration. Therefore, we periodically review environmental performance of the entire Nestlà © Group. The results are very encouraging: Nestlà © has no major environmental problems. Nestlà © complies with relevant regulations or, in a few exceptional cases, has initiated action to do so. Measures taken are proactive and often anticipate future regulations. Many times, measures taken to improve the environment also reduce costs. These surveys also allow us to put concrete figures to our efforts: Over the past years, Nestlà © has invested an average of some 100 million Swiss francs per year in specific measures to protect the environment. This amounts to approximately 3% of total capital expenditure and includes only readily identifiable environmental investments. In addition, substantial amounts were expended as part of regular capital investment projects and factory environmental operating costs. Examples of these additional expenditures include environmental aspects related to factory construction and renovation, environmental training of personnel, and maintenance costs for wastewater treatment facilities. Recent Environmental Investment The factory environmental surveys are a valuable management tool which are periodically repeated as part of the Nestlà © Environmental Management System (NEMS). Water, Our Top Priority Nestlà © engineers and factory planners have pioneered wastewater treatment the world over. Whenever factories went up, often in remote locations of developing countries, where neither local expectations nor legislation required environmental safeguards of any kind, appropriate wastewater treatment was provided. Nearly 30 million Swiss francs have been invested annually over the past few years in wastewater treatment facilities. While we can be genuinely proud of these achievements around the world, we continue to upgrade existing plants and build new ones where necessary. Examples of Nestlà ©s substantial investments in this area are: As early as 1920 Nestlà © had constructed and started the operation of a wastewater treatment plant in Kempttal near Zurich. At that time it included a settling basin and trickling filter. 1932 saw the addition of a biological component which constituted Switzerlands first wastewater treatment plant operating with activated sludge, a principle still used today. An 80% reduction in water consumption of some cooking processes through an extensive RD project. A facility in Himeji, Japan, serving one of the largest instant coffee factories in the world, was rightly considered a model installation when it was built almost 30 years ago, and thousands of Japanese water treatment specialists have visited it over the years. A facility in Dongguan, China has established itself as a model for wastewater treatment. It too is visited regularly by Chinese wastewater specialists. Reducing Air Emissions Another important investment area is for air protection. The biggest environmental investments over the past few years went into the conversion of heating units from heavy fuel to natural gas. When these conversions can be used to install combined steam and power generation systems; impressive energy savings are achieved in addition to environmental benefits. Therefore, we favor these co-generation plants wherever feasible. Co-generation processes are much more efficient than conventional power plants and therefore usually lead to a significant, global reduction in both energy consumption and release of greenhouse gases. Nestlà © currently operates over 10 co-generation facilities throughout the world. Co-generation examples are: At the Nestlà © Gerona plant in Spain, the co-generation system, commissioned in 1991, reduced gas consumption by 3600 tons of oil, equivalent per year, and decreased overall carbon dioxide emissions by 8000 tons annually. The savings at the York factory in Britain, where a coal-fired boiler house has been replaced by a gas turbine co-generation plant, are very impressive. Carbon dioxide output was reduced from 131,000 tons per year to 59,000 tons per year. Additionally, sulfur dioxide emissions are completely avoided at the factory level (650 tons per year) and cut by more than half, from 1059 to 436 tons, at the level of the supplying national power station. Phasing Out Ozone-Damaging CFCs The characteristics of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) make them suitable for a wide range of refrigeration and air conditioning applications necessary for many of Nestlà ©s manufacturing processes. However, there is evidence that they contribute to the depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer. This has led to several inter-governmental agreements to phase out the use of CFCs. Nestlà © anticipated this phase out early and has established a detailed CFC phase-out program to replace CFCs used in industrial refrigeration systems with non-CFC alternatives. To date, Nestlà © has reduced its CFC emissions by more than 80% of 1986 levels. We are committed to continuing to address the issue of ozone-depleting substances and further improve these dramatic results. Recovering Solid Waste Landfills in many countries are rapidly approaching their limits, thus becoming a costly and cumbersome problem. However, Nestlà © has stopped looking at solid waste as part of the problem, but as part of the solution. Solid waste has become a valuable raw material when recycled, composted or used for fuel in energy recovery processes. Coffee grounds, which are a by-product of instant coffee manufacturing, is a case in point: Much of the investment related to solid waste is earmarked to build coffee ground energy-recovery systems that use the coffee grounds energy value to produce steam for our factories. In Raja Muda, Malaysia we installed this state-of-the-art machinery, the first of its kind in Asia, outside Japan. Now coffee grounds are used as fuel. Thus, for every 100 tons of coffee grounds we save the equivalent of about 40 tons of fossil fuel. The decision to develop and install this energy-recovery system is typical for how Nestlà © anticipates problems and pioneers solutions. Additionally, in some markets factory solid wastes are composted to produce a high quality soil amendment product. In some cases this product is packaged and sold for use as a 1natural fertilizer. In New Milford Connecticut, USA Nestlà © built a state of the art composting facility that processes both solid and liquid wastes, sludges, and by-products from its local factories, co-packers, and distribution centers. Additionally, the composting facility provides a solution to the local community for disposal of landscaping and gardening wastes, which are banned from landfills in that area. This facility recycles more than 50,000 tons of waste materials annually, preventing them from going to landfills. Packaging Packaging serves a major role in our daily lives. It protects food products from spoilage and ensures safety from manufacture through storage, distribution and consumption. Packaging may also provide tamper-evidence features. It communicates information, including nutritional information and serving instructions, and provides the convenience demanded by todays consumers. Nestlà © is committed to reducing the environmental impact of packaging, without jeopardizing the safety, quality or consumer acceptance of its products. It is Nestlà ©s objective to develop safe and wholesome packaged foods using the most efficient and appropriate packaging materials available, while, at the same time, satisfying consumer requirements and expectations. Nestlà © seeks packaging solutions that: result in the lowest possible weight and volume of packages; take into account new packaging materials and processes that reduce the impact on the environment; avoid the use of substances that can adversely impact the environment during packaging production and disposal; decrease packaging waste at all stages, including package manufacturing, use and disposal; increase the use of recycled materials wherever possible; and increase the recyclability and compatibility of its packages with existing packaging waste management schemes. Regular assessments of Nestlà ©s packaging are carried out and action plans are implemented. Nestlà © supports industrial and governmental efforts to promote integrated waste management that takes into consideration matters such as source reduction, reuse, recycling, composting, energy recovery, and landfill. Nestlà © encourages suppliers of its packaging materials to adopt sound environmental practices. Packaging Source Reduction Packaging waste is one environmental issue that affects the entire consumer goods industry. However, the gap is wide between reality and perception: While food packaging accounts for less than 1% of total solid waste in most countries, it is highly visible to consumers. Even if the problem of food packaging is small in relation to overall environmental problems, it is nevertheless an important issue for Nestlà ©. The most direct opportunity to reduce the scale of the problem is to use as little material as possible. This is not a recent effort by the food industry. Over the last four decades, between the 1950s and 1990s, the weight of a glass milk bottle has been reduced by 36%, a steel food can by 66%, and an aluminium beer can by 81%. Even though packaging source reduction has always been a consideration, we decided to reinforce these efforts in a more systematic way. The first world-wide environmental packaging survey was completed in 1991 for the Nestlà © Group and has been repeated annually ever since. The last survey revealed that by the end of 1998, Nestlà ©, without compromising product quality, reduced our use of packaging materials by nearly 150,000 tons compared to 1990. These reductions resulted in savings of approximately 250 million Swiss francs. Cumulative Reductions in Packaging Materials Examples of Packaging Source Reduction A few recent examples that underline Nestlà ©s efforts: In Australia the Easter Egg Novelty cartons were reduced in size by altering the design to provide support for the egg. The new design resulted in a 31% reduction in use of paper board. In Pakistan the Nestlà © NIDO package, which consisted of 4 bags in a display box, was replaced by an aluminium stand-up pouch. This resulted in a 39% reduction, or 47 tons, and saves 290,000 Swiss francs per year. In Indonesia the Nestlà © Dancow 200 and 400g display boxes were reduced in size by 18 and 25%, respectively. This resulted in a waste reduction of 38 tons and saved nearly 100,000 Swiss francs per year. In Columbia the display box for Maggi bouillon tablets was eliminated. This resulted in a reduction of 303 tons of packaging material and represented a savings of over one million Swiss francs per year. While important progress has already been achieved, we strive to continuously identify opportunities for further reduction. Distribution Distribution of products from the factory to the customer involves transport and storage. Efficient management of the distribution system is essential to preserve the safety and quality of Nestlà ©s products, to ensure a high level of customer service, and to meet its commitment to environmentally sound business practices. To this end, Nestlà ©: selects appropriate transportation modes, with particular attention given to optimum unit loads (pallets), vehicle-capacity utilization, route planning, and consolidation with outside partners, scheduling, and fuel conservation; optimises warehouse and distribution center locations and environmentally efficient operational systems; and identifies and implements measures to reduce energy consumption and waste. Nestlà © encourages its distribution service providers to use environmentally sound practices. Distributing our goods from factory to retail centers consumes some 400 million liters of fuel each year. While we undertake every effort to reduce this, it is useful to put this figure into perspective: the distribution of 10 kg of our products from factories to retail outlets in Europe requires an average of 0.25 liters of fuel. To transport the same amount from the supermarket to home, consumers burn, on average, one to two liters of fuel. Efficient Container Loading Improving transport efficiency benefits the environment, but it also makes economic sense. Seemingly simple measures, such as replacing bulky wooden pallets by thin, carton-type slip-sheets, have the potential to save more than 600 international truck journeys a year in our European operations alone. Optimizing shipping cases to fill transport vehicles without leaving gaps between differently shaped containers, together with optimal route planning, Nestlà © has already achieved substantial savings. Pioneering Rail Transport In countries with competitive railways, moving goods from road to rail is an effective option to reduce road congestion. For example: Vittel has developed a specially adapted block train concept to supply its regional terminals in France. Vittel transports nearly half of its production, or over 930 million bottles per year, by rail. Our Swiss, and later the Austrian subsidiary, convinced the railways to offer overnight trains to bring goods from the national distribution centers to terminal stations for local deliveries by road. Marketing Marketing is based on the principle of satisfying consumers needs. The overall trust of consumers in Nestlà ©s brands and products comes from a quality image that has been continuously strengthened for over 130 years. Nestlà © strives to increase this trust through its commitment to environmentally sound business practices. For this reason, Nestlà ©: opposes short-term, opportunistic green marketing that can mislead the consumer; bases environmental claims in advertising, promotional material, labelling, and corporate communications on solid scientific evidence; and selects materials and printing methods for merchandising materials such as consumer offers, in-store promotions, display materials, leaflet, and printed materials in light of environmental considerations. No Green Marketing Nestlà © adheres to the Code on Environmental Advertising established by the International Chamber of Commerce. This Code is based on the principle of self-regulation and self-discipline and is intended to assist companies in making responsible use of environmental claims in advertising. Sustainable Development For Nestlà ©, respect for the environment is part of a broader perspective on sustainable development. Nestlà © has adhered to The Business Charter for Sustainable Development of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) since its publication in 1991. Measures for environmental protection often trigger beneficial economic and social effects, and vice-versa. Since the Rio Summit in 1992, all of society, be it governments, industry, NGOs or others, have tried to translate the sustainable development concept into reality. As part of this effort, we participate in the work of several organizations dealing with this subject: For example, we are a founding member of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) in Geneva, and we contribute actively in the Working Group Sustainable Development in the City of Vevey. Nestlà © Working with Communities South Africa Nestlà © is supporting several community-based organizations in putting sustainable development into practice. Recently, in South Africa, we have given support to Eco Link and LEAP to finance and help manage programs which clean up the environment and improve hygiene in rural areas. The Eco Link project is aimed at providing assistance through education. People are taught to collect litter such as paper, cardboard and cans, which when put in a trench and covered with a compost can then be used to plant vegetables. The litter provides the necessary drainage and moisture retention. The project has dual advantages: it cleans up the environment and provides fresh vegetables for the family, as well as providing an income when surplus food is grown. This program is now being presented to school children who are encouraged to grow small gardens at school. In rural areas water supply is a major problem. Women can spend almost 5 hours a day collecting water for the home. In addition, the springs from which they take the water are often used by animals and can be polluted. Nestlà © is taking part in a project to help villagers establish a supply of clean water near to home. People were taught how to identify sources of underground springs and to channel rain water and store it in reasonably hygienic conditions. The team taught villagers how to construct a tank to catch the rain water using corrugated iron and wire mesh as a mould which is then plastered with a cement, stone and sand mixture. With a wooden cover on top and a tap at the base the villagers have the means to store clean, drinkable water. Information, Communication Training Nestlà © provides information on its activities, including those related to the protection of the environment. Within this context, Nestlà ©: communicates its environmental efforts, both inside and outside the Company, to build understanding concerning its environmental commitment; fosters strong environmental awareness and responsibility among its employees through training programs; and shares environmental information with governments, local communities, industry, consumers and other interested stakeholders. We do this through a wide variety of means. For example, our factory environmental surveys involve thousands of people at all levels, from top management to the factory floor. These practical exercises are reinforced by in-house magazines, specialized newsletters, and videos. To help educate the public, Nestlà © works with organizations that produce films on environmental issues, sponsor re-forestation programs, or create educational materials for the public. These activities are also important to our role in sustainable development. At our international training center in Switzerland, environmental issues are now a regular part of courses attended by Nestlà ©s international executives. These efforts are multiplied by countless training sessions organized by our Group companies. Internal communication and training are a priority for Nestlà ©. As a people-driven company, employees are our most important asset. Thus, we emphasize all measures that help them act in an environmentally responsible manner.

Inhibitory Potential Changes of Fluoxetine (Prozac) :: Biology Medicine Research Papers

Inhibitory Potential Changes of Fluoxetine (Prozac) Over the past several decades many scientists have explored the various possible links between the function of neurotransmitters in the brain and mood disorders. The neurotransmitter serotonin, found widely in plants, animals and humans has been a particular focus. Scientists who specialize in examining the function and effect of serotonin on the mind and body argue that imbalances in the levels and function of serotonin can be linked to disturbances in mood, anxiety, satiety, cognition, aggression and sexual drives (Tollefson and Rosenbalum, 2001). More specifically, these scientists suggest that this "decreased serotonergic neurotransmission plays an important role in the etiology of depression" (Xia, Gopal, and Gross, p. 157, 2002). Indeed studies that have examined serotonin via its major metabolite, 5-hydroxyndoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) consistently indicate that 5-HIAA levels are low in the cerebrospinal fluid of depressed patients (Davison, Neale and Kring, 2004). Because serotonin does not cross the blood-brain barrier, it must be synthesized locally. That is, it must be synthesized from within neurons in the brain. Once it is synthesized is then "released into the synapse from the cytoplasmic and vesicular reservoirs. Following release, serotonin is principally inactivated by reuptake into nerve terminals through a sodium/potassium (Na+/K+) adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) dependent carrier." (Tollefson and Rosenbalum, p. 27, 2001). Problems arise when too much serotonin is recaptured in the reuptake process during synapse or when to little serotonin is being locally manufactured in the central nervous system. As a result, too few serotonin neurotransmitters are able to make it across the synaptic cleft to stimulate postsynaptic receptors. Moreover, "in the absence of pharmacological manipulation, the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic nerve terminal typically leads to its inactivation" (Tollefson and Rosenbalum, p. 32, 2001). Low levels of serotonin have been most commonly linked to depression. For this reason, there have been many attempts by neuroscientists to develop antidepressant drugs that can interfere with the enzymes that eliminate serotonin neurotransmitters from the synapse. Indeed, though reuptake inhibition scientists hoped to be able to increase levels of serotonin in the CNS and thus ameliorate the negative affects of depression. One of the most recent breakthroughs in this pursuit was the development of the antagonist drug, fluoxetine. Fluoxetine (or Prozac) is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and functions by acting as a barrier in the serotonin synaptic

Marketing Campaigns and Ethical Perspectives

Entrepreneurship and Innovation Session: 3 Subject: The Social and Ethical Perspective of Entrepreneurship Case: A Friend For Life The Glades Company is a small manufacturer. It has produces and marketed a number of different toys and appliances that have done very well in the marketplace. Late last year, the product designer at the company, Tom Bringer, told the President, Paula Glades, that he had invented a small, cuddly, talking bear that might have a great deal of appeal. The bear is made of fluffy brown material that stimulate our, and it had a tape inside that contains 50 messages.The Glades Company decided to find out exactly how much market appeal the bear would have. Fifty of the bears were produced and placed In the kindergartens and nurseries around town. The results were better than the firm had hoped. One of the nurseries reported: â€Å"The bear was so popular that most of the children wanted to take it home for an evening. † Another said the bear was the most t oy in the school. Based on these data, the company decided to manufacture and market 1,000 of the bears. At the same time, a catchy marketing slogan was formulated: â€Å"A Friend For Life. The bear was marketed as a product a child could play with for years and years. The first batch of 1,000 bears sold out within a week. The company then scheduled another production run, this time 25,000 bears. Last week. In the middle of the production run, a problem was uncovered. The process of making the bear fur was much more expensive than anticipated. The company Is now faced with two options: It can absorb the extra cost and have the simulated fur produced, or It can use a bustiest fur that will not last as long.Specifically, the Orlando simulated fur will last for up to seven years of normal use: the less expensive simulated fur will last for only eight months. Some of the managers at Glade believe that most children are not interested in playing with the same toy for more than eight mon ths; therefore, substituting the less-expensive simulated for the more expensive fur should be no problem. Others believe that the company will damage its reputation if it have opts for the substitute fur.We are going to have complaints within eight months, and we are going to repent the day we agreed to a cheaper substitute,† the production manager argues. The sales manager disagrees, contending that â€Å"the market Is ready for this product, and we ought to provide It. † In the middle of this crawls, the accounting department Issued Its cost analysis of the venture. If the company goes with the more expensive simulated fur, it will lose $ 2. 75 per bear. If it chooses the less-expensive simulated The final decision on the matter rests with Paula Glades.People on both sides of the issue have given her their opinion. One of the last to speak was the vice president of manufacturing, who said â€Å"If you opt for the less expensive fur, think of what it is going to do t o your marketing campaign of ‘A Friend For Life. ‘ Are you going to change the slogan to ‘ A Friend For Eight Months'? † But the marketing vice president argued a different course of action: â€Å"We have a fortune tied up in this bear. If you stop production now or go to the more-expensive substitute, we'll lose or shirts. We aren't owing anything illegal by substituting the fur.The bear looks the same. Who's to Questions for discussion: 1 . Is the recommendation of the vice president marketing legal? Is it ethical? Why or why not? The marketing vice president has recommended that production continue using the substitute fur. While this is not illegal, since there are no laws specifically governing what type of simulated fur is used, it is unethical to delude the public into thinking the product is of high quality when the material is actually of low quality. Especially nice the company knows exactly what it is doing in trading away good faith and trust for the sake of profits. . Would it be ethical if the firm used the less expensive simulated fur but did not change its slogan of â€Å"A Friend For Life† and did not tell the buyer about the change in the production process? Why or why not? No, it would not be ethical since the firm had already produced 26,000 bears with the higher quality simulated fur that lasts seven years. The continued production of bears under the same slogan â€Å"A Friend for Life† but with lower-quality simulated fur expected to last only eight months is consumer fraud.Thus, while the legal question may be debated as to the actual fraud, the ethics question is not debatable. This is a prime example of disregard for ethics. 3. If you were advising Paula, What would you recommend? As an adviser to Paula, you should utilize Table 6. 3, which illustrates the various approaches to management ethics. The column dealing with â€Å"moral management† explains the different aspects of ethics concer ned with motives, goals, orientation to the law, and strategy.The strategy segment especially applies to Paula in that she must assume a leadership role when ethical dilemmas arise. In dealing with consumers, enlightened self- interest means that by having concern for others will find that either full disclosure to†¦ One of the most important attributes for small business success, is the distinguishing quality of practicing admirable business ethics. Business ethics, practiced throughout the deepest layers of a company, become the heart and soul of the company's culture and can mean the difference between success and failure

Top Ten London Undergraduate Degrees in Graphic Design

Top Ten London Undergraduate Degrees in Graphic Design University of the Arts London: BA Graphic Design (the first place) Currently EU students, who want to receive an undergraduate degree, are supposed to pay  £9,000, provided that they start their studies since 2012. In order to be eligible for this program, an applicant should meet several entry requirements. In particular, he/she should have 1 GCE A Level, and a Foundational Diploma in Art and Design.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Top Ten London Undergraduate Degrees in Graphic Design specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are some alternative certificates, for instance, BTEC Extended Diploma. Learners, who are not native speakers of English, should complete IELTS 6.0 exams. In particular, they should score at least 5.5 in writing, reading, and listening1. This program lasts for four years. Apart from that, the learners will have to provide a portfolio in order to complete the third year of this program. These ar e the main standards that should be considered. Overall, this program can enable a person to gain an in-depth understanding of the techniques used in graphic design. Furthermore, students will have a chance to cooperate with organizations that represent the graphic design industry. In this way, they can better develop their professional skills and eventually reach the standards set by employers. Additionally, learners acquire knowledge of various social, cultural, or economic factors that shape the work of graphic designers. The graduates will be able to work in various fields such as branding, product design, interactive design, and so forth. These are these are the main issues that can be identified. The London College BA Graphic Design (the second place) In order to participate in this program, UK or EU students have to pay  £5,950, if he/she intends to start his/her studies in 2014. Romanian students should have an equivalent of 1 GCE A Level. These applicants should have Dipl oma de Bacalaureat. Secondly, students are obliged to meet certain English proficiency standards. For instance, their IELTS should not be lower than 5.0. Secondly, the applicants should present a portfolio of their works. Romanian students may email it to the admission committee. Learners will take part in this program for three years. In order to earn this degree, a person should gain knowledge and skills that are related to such areas as interactive design, typography, branding, packaging, and other fields. Moreover, students should understand economic, social, and cultural factors that shape the work of graphic designers. The main advantage of this program is that students will attend workshops organized by distinguished designers.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Secondly, they will be able to work in businesses that offer products or services related to graphic desi gn. In this way, they can better understand the roles that graphic designers should play. Overall, this undergraduate degree suggests that a person is able to cope with professional challenges. This is the main argument that can be put forward. University of West London, BA Graphic Design (the third place) Home students are required to pay  £ 8,000 per an academic year. However, the official site of this university does not provide information about tuition fees that should be paid by non-UK applicants such as Romanian students. Romanian applicants should have an equivalent of GCE examinations, namely Diploma de Bacalaureat in mathematics. Apart from that, they will have to fulfill their English language requirements. Their IELTs score should be at least 6.0. Yet, they can also take TOEFL test. These are some of the details that applicants should consider. The duration of this course is three years. On the whole, this program is aimed at achieved several objectives. First of all, students will develop their skills in such fields of graphic design as illustration, typography, and drawing. Secondly, they will work with different types of media. Much attention will be paid to information technologies since they are an essential tool for modern graphic design. The main goal is to prepare students for the career in organizations that represent visual communications industry such as publishing houses, graphic design studio, or advertising agencies2. Moreover, learners will have opportunities for product placement during their studies. So, they can better understand what exactly employers expect from them. These are the main issues that should be kept in mind. Middlesex University London BA Graphic Design (the fourth place) Full-time undergraduate students have to pay  £9,000 per an academic year, provided that they start their studies in 2014. This university accepts applicants who may have various diplomas. For instance, one can mention Level 3 Diploma in Art, International Baccalaureate, or Advanced Progression Diploma. Furthermore, the candidates are usually required to provide a portfolio of their work. One should bear in mind that this educational institution recognized academic certificates that a student could receive in foreign countries. People, whose native language is not English, should complete IELTS examinations. They should have a score of 5.5 in speaking, listening, reading, and writing.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Top Ten London Undergraduate Degrees in Graphic Design specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Apart from that, these people can take TOEFL. This program is going to last for three years. During this time, students will be able to learn more about such issues as printmaking, digital illustration, photography, and so forth3. The learners will be able to gain a better understanding of the techniques adopted by modern designers. Educators will rely on various instruction methods, for example, lectures, seminars, or workshops with distinguished designers such as Jonathan Barnbrook, David Carson, or John Hegarty. At the end of their studies, learners should carry out a self-initiated project that will be showcased at the degree exhibition. People, who can complete this program, can work in various organizations such as magazine publishers, advertising agencies or other organizations in which graphic design skills are necessary. University of Greenwich, BA Graphic and Digital Design (the fifth place) A student should pay  £10,100 as tuition fees. Secondly, learners, who come from foreign countries, must provide an educational certificate which is an equivalent GCSEs. For example, one can speak about International Baccalaureate or Diploma de Bacalaureat. These are the documents that can be offered by Romanian students. Additionally, these people must demonstrate that they reached a high level of proficiency in the English language. Moreover, learners should demonstrate that they take interest in graphic design. This is why they should present a portfolio of their works. In this way, a person can distinguish oneself among other candidates. During their studies, students will be able to learn more about the techniques used in branding, animation, typography, or advertising. Furthermore, professional development of students will be promoted with the help of self-initiated projects and work placements. Learners will have a chance to cooperate with professionals who can better explain how a designer can overcome various challenges. Their recommendations can be of great value to students. Overall, this experience is important for the future career of students. This is the main argument that can be advanced.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Goldsmiths, University of London BA Design (the sixth place) The students, who live in the United Kingdom or an EU country, have to pay  £9,000. The applicants have to provide various certificates such as ABB or International Baccalaureate. Furthermore, the candidates should participate in a post-16 course in art of design. For instance, one can mention a Foundation Course, or NVQ level. Moreover, the admission committee pays attention to the design portfolio of a candidate. They also accept certificates from other European country such as Romania. Additionally, Romanian students have to pass certain English proficiency examinations. For instance, their IELTS score should be at least 6.5, while the result of their TOEFL should be no less than 92. These are some of the standards that should be met. Learners can receive a degree after three years of full-time studies. In the course of this program, students will be able to acquire knowledge and skills related to various areas graphi c design such as typography, page layout, interface development and so forth. However, students will have an opportunity to gain a better idea about product or even fashion design. Overall, they will be able to structure their curriculum. Learners will take part in studio practices, technical studies, and professional activities4. Additionally, during the second year, students will be able to work in companies that represent the design industry. Thus, they will be able to cooperative with professional designers. These are the main aspects that can be identified. Regent’s University London BA Graphic Design (the seventh place) The tuition fees both the students from the United Kingdom and the European Union constitute  £14,750. Moreover, they will have to pay a registration fee of  £ 420. These costs will be incurred by people who will start their studies in 2014. Applicants should have twelve years of schooling. Romanian students may require international baccalaureate ce rtificate in order to be eligible for this program. Learners can take several English proficiency tests. In particular, they may take CCAE (Cambridge Certificate in Advanced English) test, but their score should not be lower than C. In turn, their IELTS score should be at least 6.0. These issues should be taken into account by applicants who want to apply to this educational institution. This program includes four years of full-time studies. These are the main academic standards that should be met. Overall, the main goal of this program is to develop students’ understanding of graphic design and show how its techniques can be used in visual communication5. Moreover, learners will acquire new skills in web design as well as motion graphics. Overall, this program can help students develop their creativity and elaborate their technical skills. These are some of the main aspects that can be singled out. Kingston University London BA Graphic Design (the eighth place) The learners, who will start their undergraduate studies at Kingston University, will need to pay  £ 8, 750 on an annual basis. Applicants are expected to have Art and Design Foundation Diploma or equivalents certificates from foreign countries. In particular, Romanian candidates should have a certificate of vocational training in art and design. Candidates should also upload an electronic version of their portfolio. It should be mentioned that in many cases, a well-developed portfolio can increase the chances of a candidate. Additionally, they should have Diploma de Bacalaureat which is an equivalent of GCSEs. Moreover, the applicants should provide their portfolios to the admission committee. Furthermore, the applicants’ IELTS score should be 5.5. These people can take other English proficiency tests. Students’ studies will last for three years. These are the main details that can be distinguished. This program is aimed at achieving several objectives. First of all, students sh ould be able to apply various techniques that are used by graphic designers. Apart from that, learners should be able to apply information technologies that can facilitate the process of design. In the course of their studies, students will have an opportunity to work in organizations specialize in graphic design. This experience can help students gain a better idea about the requirements of their future employees. The university will promote industrial placements of learners as well as field trips6. London Metropolitan University BA Graphic Design (the ninth place) The tuition fees for this program will be  £6,860 for an academic year. However, the costs of tuition can change in 2015. Romanian students will have to provide certificates showing that they have level 3 qualifications in art and design. Moreover, they need to provide Diploma de Bacalaureat. Furthermore, these people are encouraged to send an email version of their portfolio which will be closely evaluated by the admi ssion committee. These people should also have certain English language prerequisites; in particular, the IELTS score should be 5.5. This program is intended to last for three years. However, a student can choose an extended program that includes four years of study7. These are some of the main issues that can be singled out. By participating in this program, students can gain an in-depth understanding of design principles. Secondly, they will be able to work with different types of media such as printed documents, digital media or photography. In this way, they can develop relevant professional skills. Educators will attach importance independent initiatives of students. The graduates can be employed in various organizations such as graphic design agencies or companies that design commercials for other businesses. These are the main issues that should be taken into consideration. University of East London BA Graphic Design (the tenth place) This institution charges  £ 9000 from l earners who attend undergraduate courses. The applicants should complete such programs as GAD, Art and Design Foundation, or BTEC in order to be eligible. Furthermore, people relevant professional experience in design can also be considered. The candidates should have an IETS. In particular, their score should not be lower than 5.5. Yet, the applicants can also take PTE or TOEFL exams. This program is supposed to last for three years. This program can help a person to learn more about such areas of graphic design as typography, web design, photography, and so forth 8. So, a learner will work with various types of media. During these three years, the students will work on a wide range of assignments that will prompt them to display their creativity and critical thinking. Much attention will be paid to the self-initiated work of students who will be able to select the topic or projects that they will discuss. Moreover, educators will focus on the administrative skills of students beca use they may need to manage or coordinate the work of other people. Furthermore, they will attend lectures, workshops, exhibitions, and so forth. These are the main details that should be taken into account. Bibliography Goldsmiths, University of London, BA (Hons) Design, University of London, 2013, retrieved gold.ac.uk/ug/ba-design/. Kingston University London, Graphic Design BA(Hons): Links with business and industry, Kingston University London, 2013, retrieved kingston.ac.uk/undergraduate-course/graphic-design-2014/links-with-business-and-industry.html. Middlesex University London, BA Honours Graphic Design, MIL, 2013, retrieved mdx.ac.uk/courses/undergraduate/art_design/graphic_design_ba.aspx. Regent’s University London, Visual Communication: Specialisation in Graphic Design BA (Hons), Regent’s University London, 2013, retrieved regents.ac.uk/study/undergraduate-study/programmes/ba-hons-visual-communication-graphic-design.aspx. London Metropolitan University, G raphic Design- BA Hons, London Metropolitan University, 2013, retrieved londonmet.ac.uk/courses/undergraduate/2014/graphic-designba-hons/. University of East London, Programme Specification for BA (Hons) Graphic Design, UEL, 2013, retrieved uel.ac.uk/undergraduate/specs/graphicdesign/. University of the Arts London, BA Graphic Design, UAL, 2013, retrieved from arts.ac.uk/camberwell/courses/undergraduate/ba-graphic-design/. University of West London, BA (Hons) Graphic Design (Visual Communication and Illustration), University of West London, 2013, retrieved uwl.ac.uk/course/graphic-design-visual-communication-and-illustration-3/33745. Footnotes 1 University of the Arts London, BA Graphic Design, UAL, 2013, retrieved from arts.ac.uk/camberwell/courses/undergraduate/ba-graphic-design/. 2 University of West London, BA (Hons) Graphic Design (Visual Communication and Illustration), University of West London, 2013, retrieved uwl.ac.uk/course/graphic-design-visual-communication-and-il lustration-3/33745. 3 Middlesex University London, BA Honours Graphic Design, MIL, 2013, retrieved mdx.ac.uk/courses/undergraduate/art_design/graphic_design_ba.aspx. 4 Goldsmiths, University of London, BA (Hons) Design, University of London, 2013, retrieved gold.ac.uk/ug/ba-design/. 5 Regent’s University London, Visual Communication: Specialisation in Graphic Design BA (Hons), Regent’s University London, 2013, retrieved regents.ac.uk/study/undergraduate-study/programmes/ba-hons-visual-communication-graphic-design.aspx. 6 Kingston University London, Graphic Design BA(Hons): Links with business and industry, Kingston University London, 2013, retrieved kingston.ac.uk/undergraduate-course/graphic-design-2014/links-with-business-and-industry.html. 7 London Metropolitan University, Graphic Design- BA Hons, London Metropolitan University, 2013, retrieved londonmet.ac.uk/courses/undergraduate/2014/graphic-designba-hons/. 8 University of East London, Programme Specificatio n for BA (Hons) Graphic Design, UEL, 2013, retrieved uel.ac.uk/undergraduate/specs/graphicdesign/.

Drug Abuse in Iran Essays

Drug Abuse in Iran Essays Drug Abuse in Iran Essay Drug Abuse in Iran Essay Abstract : purpose of this paper is to inform my classmates the rate of substance abuse for Iranian high school students. High school students who are either experienced being prison or awaiting a trial for a crime that they made, either with HIV or without it. This research has been done by me, Dr. Arash and Kamiar Alaei 5 years ago in Iran. Dr. Kamiar Alaei spent over 3 years in prison and his brother Dr. Arash is still in prison for their phenomenon research on AIDS in Iran. I will discuss about the risk factors and social background of 3 Islamic countries, Iran, Kuwait and Iraq. The rate of HIV, and variety of drugs. Just from one high school in Tehran, we had this result, (300 boys) 40. 5 % abused substances at some time in their lives. Among the substance users, the use of cigarette ranked first (36. 9%), followed by alcohol (24. 2%), opium (12. 7%), hashish (8. 7%), Marijuana (8. 2%), heroin (2. 5%), cocaine (2. 5%), hallucinogens (1. 7%), morphine (1. 4%). Only 22. 5 % of the students were still using substances: cigarette 18%, alcohol 13. 5%, opium 2. 3 %, marijuana 2%, hashish 1. 7%, heroin 0. 8%, cocaine 0. 5%, morphine 0. 3% and hallucinogens 0. 3% (Some were using more than one substance). Pleasurable purposes, habit and release of tension were the most common motivations reported for using substances. Introduction I am writing about substance abuse in adolescence in Iran and also how it effects youth when they enter to their early adulthood. A number of research studies of substance use among adolescents, especially students have been carried out in different countries and different levels of educations. Substance use among the youth of Iran especially students is a major concern among researchers and policy makers. In Iran there is a centuries – old tradition of substance use and abuse. For instance opium was known to ancient Persians and has traditionally been used for treating physical and mental stress as well as for pleasurable and social purposes. Use of alcohol is both religiously and legally prohibited in Iran, but use of other substances are legally prohibited, except cigarette, which is not prohibited. the three most common reasons of opiate use among Iranian opiate addicts were enjoyment , physical pain and sedation . Causes, history and background After the narcotics shipments cross the Iranian border they usually are broken up into smaller units so they are more difficult to intercept. 60 percent of the drugs that enter Iran pass on into Turkey, the Caucasus, and the Persian Gulf. The remaining 40 percent stays in the country. The number of people using drugs- from addicts to casual users- is estimated to be around 8 million, ( about a quarter of them are under 19) although the head of the Drug Control Headquarters believes that the real figure could be much higher because most drug abusers want to avoid the stigma of being identified as addicts. 25 The average age of users is falling. A government official says the average addiction age has fallen to 10-19, whereas it used to be 25-29, and the head of the Drug Control Headquarters ascribed the increase in young drug abusers to the country’s population explosion. Drug abuse has led to a growing prison population. Forty percent of all crimes in Iran are drug-related felonies. The head of the Prisons, Security, and Correction Organization said in July 2005 that out of the 3 main juveniles prisons in Iran, Kuwait and Iraq 32,000 were imprisoned for drug addiction. The economy, and especially the high rate of joblessness, tops the list of reasons given by Iranians for drug abuse. Unemployment stands at 14 percent officially and is estimated by outside experts to be in the 25 percent range. This grievance combines with general boredom and a lack of options. A young People always say, â€Å"We’re all jobless. We have nothing to do. We try to do a little bit of business here and there and we get arrested as troublemakers. That’s why there are so many drug addicts here. It’st he despair. †3Another addict said that he had been in combat for forty months during the Iran-Iraq War since he was 14, but when he returned the regime abandoned him. He supported his drug habit with odd jobs and charity, and he warned, â€Å"The youth are becoming drug addicts. hey have no freedom, no jobs, nowhere to go and have fun. So we are all addicts. †National and community leaders are aware of the relationship between jobs and drug abuse. Young people turn to drugs because of â€Å"unemployment, depression, and neglect,† a parliamentary representative said, adding that â€Å"no hope for the future or social joy† are contributory factors7 A Frid ay prayer leader said that unemployment and poverty are among the root causes of drug abuse, and he urged the government to create job opportunities. The availability of drugs also makes an impact. In the words of an individual who deals with addiction treatment and prevention at the Welfare Organization, â€Å"the purchase of heroin has become easier than the purchase of a bottle of milk. To buy bread, we are forced to wait in a line for a long time, but to purchase drugs, no problem exists. †When a war veteran who was describing the lack of alternatives to taking or dealing drugs complained that the local park only has four trees, an opium addict chimed in, â€Å"Instead of trees in our parks, all you find are drug dealers. † There are also other factors contributing to drug abuse in Iran. A member of parliament who also happens to be secretary of the Antidrugs Society attributed drug abuse to the way individuals are treated in society: â€Å"In our society, human beings are not looked upon with dignity and respect, otherwise people who are socially accepted would not turn to drugs. †41 Another parliamentarian explained that culture is behind the demand for drugs: â€Å"Today, the youth are bored with what they have and wish for things they haven’t got. This is rooted in Western culture and should be confronted with the use of cultural tools. †4A supervisor at Shiraz University’s Cultural Center said that culture- not enough sports, depressing and overcrowded dormitories- is a significant reason for the prevalence of drug abuse. 4There also are the kinds of reasons one expects to hear from Iranian officials. One cleric said that weak religious faith is the main reason why people are attracted to drugs. 44 Another cleric said that Iran’s enemies are encouraging the youth to consume drugs. Islamic countries increasingly confront a set of social problems affecting their youth, such as teenage runaways, violence in the family, drug addiction, high risk behavior, crime, prostitution, alcohol abuse phenomena associated with modernity, urbanization, population growth and economic strain. Some Middle Eastern countries initially find it difficult to acknowledge, let alone address, such problems. On the level of values, there appear to be three principle obstacles preventing an open acknowledgement of the kinds of social problems listed above: The belief that these are problems an Islamic society should not have. The posture that if they do occur, they should be dealt with privately by the family/clan, neighborhood or community. The fear is that by helping the affected person, you are validating their conduct and thereby encouraging others to imitate them. This is changing, of necessity. Families and communities are not able to absorb and manage problems as they did in the pa st, in part because traditional structures are no longer intact, and in part because the traditional solutions are increasingly overlaid by new beliefs about what is legal, ethical and appropriate. At the same time, the scope of the problems does not allow them to continue to be swept under the rug. Concepts of human rights, combined with legal reforms and exposure to international debate of the relevant issues, are impacting regional perceptions of these problems. The increased willingness to acknowledge and address sensitive social problems is reflected both in official government reporting, which includes the recognition that these problems exist and are significant, and in public discussion of formerly taboo issues in popular media. See examples at right on teen runaways and family violence from Zanan, an Iranian Womens magazine. ) The Islamic Republic of Iran has become relatively open in its discussion of youth drug addiction, teenage runaways and underage prostitution. Speaking openly about such problems is a first step to recognise the problem. . Fortunately, now we see a greater degree of realism. 1 Theory If I want to describe a theory to explore this problem, I woul d want to go by Erik Erickson theory. The core concept of Eriksons theory is the acquisition of an ego-identity, and the identity crisis is the most essential characteristic of adolescence. Although a persons identity is established in ways that differ from culture to culture, the accomplishment of this developmental task has a common element in all cultures. In order to acquire a strong and healthy ego-identity the child must receive consistent and meaningful recognition of his achievements and accomplishments(Muuss, 1975, p. 55). Adolescence is described by Erikson as the period during which the individual must establish a sense of personal identity and avoid the dangers of role diffusion and identity confusion (Erikson, 1950). The implication is that the individual has to make an assessment of his or her assets and liabilities and how they want to use them. Adolescents must answer questions for themselves about where they came from, who they are, and what they will become. Identity, or a sense of sameness and continuity, must be searched for. Identity is not given to the individual by society, nor does it appear as a maturational phenomenon; it must be acquired through sustained individual efforts. Unwillingness to work on ones own identity formation carries with it the danger of role diffusion, which may result in alienation and a lasting sense of isolation and confusion. The virtue to be developed is fidelity. Adhering to ones values contributes to a stable identity. Based on this theory, identities are lost in Iran, youth are looking to find themselves in their life. They have no hope and future from their perspective is very dark. They hate religion, blame their parents for 1979 revolution, they can adjust between their two worlds, one is the one they see over satellite, western life and one is the one they watch on daily bases. They are lost. So either they study very hard to get an admission from respected universities in other countries and run away from middle east or lose themselves in drug, prostitution, AIDS and unawareness. Establishment of the Triangular Clinic After reporting a huge number of HIV/AIDS youth patient in drug abusers, the estimated age of patients are between 15-19 all males, Medical University and Health Department decided to give an appropriate response to prevent this problem. Initially a large HIV center affiliated to the University hospital was planned. However, fearing that such a move would stigmatize Iran as the epicentre of HIV in the country, this suggestion was at first opposed. However in October 2000 the Triangular Clinic was established. This center is very accessible for patients. The concept of the Triangular Clinic is to tackle three important issues: addressing injecting drug abuse through a harm reduction approach; the treatment of STDs; and care and support for patients. The problems of drug dependence, STDs and HIV are all behavioral in nature and hence, the clinic is a center for the treatment of behavioral disease. By grouping the three together, it is possible to organize a comprehensive and integrated service to the patients. Moreover, avoiding direct reference to HIV alone minimizes any associated stigmatization. This center has provided the patients with, medical services, nursing services and a lot more. The basic diagnosis and recommendation would be how to reduce HIV/AIDS in community and how other people can use the Triangle outside of Iran. Drug abuse treatment In my opinion the first thing which should be considered as the most important strategy would be treating the drug abusing itself and then we can concentrate on HIV/AIDS. tudies have consistently shown that participation in drug abuse treatment is associated with lower rates of drug injection. Treatment for drug addiction has been shown to be effective as an HIV prevention strategy, especially when it is available to the drug user at the time when he or she seeks help. Therefore a comprehensive approach toward IDUs should includ e flexible, accessible and caring treatment systems. Within these systems, drug substitution programs are the most commonly used for IDUs who are addicted to opiates, and within the developed world, methadone is the preferred prescription. It may be used for gradual withdrawal of various age groups or for long term maintenance in populations of older chronic users. Substitute programs do not cure the addiction, but by removing IDUs from lifestyles in the criminal world and attracting them to socially acceptable clinical surroundings, there are better opportunities to decrease injecting and needle sharing behaviors, thereby contributing to a decrease of HIV transmission. This service could be distributed to all population, such as women, children, people who cannot afford because all treatments are for free of cost. Fortunately equitable distribution of health service is accessible to all, but most of the people in community do not will to participate in the program or treatment sessions. HIV primary prevention Primary prevention activities include the training of student when they are still in elementary school. volunteers to raise HIV warned among their families, friends, neighbors and the general public. The volunteers make referrals to individuals seeking help. Seminars and workshops are held for targeted groups such as soldiers, health workers and teachers. Clinic staffs are also involved in raising HIV awareness through mass media campaigns on radio, television and in the local press. In addition, peer education programs and some limited outreach is conducted. Harm reduction and sterile syringe access programs and nursing roles The Clinic (individual and community volunteers) provides risk reduction materials free of charge- condoms, bleach, needles and syringes. Thousand of these materials have been distributed. Serodiscordant couples are provided with condoms on a regular basis from the time of registration at the Clinic and none have seroconverted as yet. Counselling sessions have also been provided to serodiscordant couples to help keep families together and prevent divorce. Unfortunately average age of marriage in lower class family is very low, by the time they are 15, they may even have kids. When implemented as part of a comprehensive HIV/AIDS prevention strategy, sterile syringe access programs play a unique role in engaging hard-to-reach populations at high risk for HIV infection in meaningful prevention interventions and treatment opportunities. Evaluations of these programs indicate that they are an effective part of a comprehensive strategy to reduce the injection drug use-related spread of HIV and other blood-borne infections. In addition, they do not encourage the use of illicit drugs. For example, one study in juvenile prison showed 80 percent decrease in HIV incidence attributed to sterile syringe access programs. The cumulative research shows that sterile syringe access programs are effective in reducing the further spread of HIV among drug abusers, their sexual partners, and their children. Furthermore, these programs help to:  ·increase the number of drug users who enter and remain in detoxification and drug treatment programs if they are available to them;  ·disseminate HIV risk reduction information, materials for behavioural change, and referrals for HIV testing and counselling and drug treatment services;  ·reduce injection frequency and needle-sharing behaviors;  ·reduce the number of contaminated syringes in circulation in a community; and  ·Increase the availability of sterile injection equipment, thereby reducing the risk that new infections will spread. Spouse Issue ( Gender) Consider some of the ways in which young women may be implicated in drug use. Women are centrally involved as sexual partners of male IDUs, as careers of people with HIV/AIDS and as people who may be vulnerable, in their own right, to the risk of HIV through drug injecting. The links between drug use, HIV and gender in developing regions are not yet well understood and need further exploration. It is clear however that the problems surrounding HIV and gender are greatly compounded when drug use is an added factor. The relationships between sexual behavior and IDU are quite complex. Women IDUs, who are dependent on men, may fear rejection by their partners if they do not inject drugs. Some people use drugs because they believe the drugs will increase pleasure during sex. Others engage in sex in order to obtain drugs or money to purchase them. Factors placing women drug users at high HIV risk  ·Being drug users themselves  ·Sexual relations with drug using partners  ·Engaging in commercial sex to support drug use  ·Being (girl) children of injecting drug users Lack of education and vocational skills. Women have increasingly become involved in all forms of drug-related problems and are likely to suffer more severe consequences than men as a result of this involvement. Women IDUs are at increased risk of HIV infection over male IDUs for several reasons, but principally because of their generally subordinate status in society. When drug-using women are also involved in sex work, the risk of acquiring HIV infection through unprotected sex, compounds the existing risk of transmission through the reuse of needles and syringes. Women may also be introduced to drug use by sexual partners who inject their drugs for them. If the sexual partner becomes ill or is imprisoned, these women are at risk for overdose if they are unaware of the dosage they have been injecting, and at risk for HIV, if they must rely on others to inject them. There is less documentation about women drug users than their male counterparts. In most literature specific attention is not devoted to female drug users as a distinct group; consequently in the perception of the general public, female drug users are mostly invisible. As a result of these gender-specific perceptions of drug users, female and male users may differ with regard to their backgrounds, reasons for using drugs, psycho-social problems and resulting needs. Although the ratio of female to male drug users is still low, it has been steadily increasing. This phenomenon coincides with the rise of population mobility, broken families, and collapsing communities. While society in general does not look kindly on drug users, it is even harsher in viewing women who use drugs. A woman who uses drugs for whatever reason and who is infected by HIV seldom receives the sympathy and support that she needs. Also from traditional expectations of women as wife, mother and nurturer. Most of provinces, for example, do not have drug-treatment facilities for pregnant or HIV positive women, nor do they make provisions for child care, even though many women who use drugs are single, separated or divorced. Women who use drugs are often hidden from public view. However, women who are partners of drug users and girls who are daughters of drug users are even less visible and accessible. Non-using women with drug-using partners have different problems, especially if their partners are so heavily addicted as to be unable to function normally. Women often endure verbal, physical and sexual abuse, poverty and deprivation of material comfort and facilities, lack of emotional and social security, concern about the future not only for themselves but also for their children. Some women eventually turn to using drugs as a way of escaping from the harsh realities of their lives. Many women are forced into egging or prostitution to earn money to buy drugs for their partners. Of course, through these activities their risk of HIV infection may rise still further. . Prevention of mother to child HIV transmission and post-exposure prophylaxis HAART (highly active anti-retroviral therapy) prophylaxis is provided for pregnant mother, although so far few women have received it. Health workers occupationally exposed to HIV and wives who have had unprotected sexual contact with their H IV infected husbands have also been given HAART prophylaxis. Due to lack of access to appropriate technology in poor provinces in Iran, sometimes the proper treatment cannot be done for them, and they have to be sent to bigger cities to which have access to technology. Young People Young people are particularly vulnerable to the risks posed by drugs and HIV. Children aged 10 and younger are using illicit drugs in many cities and communities around the world. These young people may live on the streets where risks to health are high and welfare support critically low or in households where information about HIV and illicit drugs is taboo. Young people may be initiated into injecting by more experienced drug users in a greater position of power or trust. This is the main issue which needs to be thought of seriously. The children of drug users are often forced to share the burden of the impact of parental (particularly paternal) drug use, and both boys and girls may be forced into child labour or prostitution in order to support parental drug use. The needs of such children are seldom taken into consideration in program planning or policy formulation exposed to HIV. Access to Treatment and Rehabilitation People with drug abuse problems have different needs. Women, the young, the poor, refugees and religious minorities need easier access to early intervention and services. Once in treatment, drug abusers may need job training and referral, assistance in finding housing and reintegrating into society. Drug abusers who commit crimes require alternative treatment in order to break the cycle of drug abuse and crime. Supportive therapist for PLWHA and the families and nursing roles Psychosocial support (psychotherapist and nurse) for is provided for PLWHA, including support for PLWHA group. Affected family members of PLWHA are offered counselling support to enhance their coping abilities and they are wiling to receive this help. They are counselled to provide support to PLWHA, with an emphasis on improving communication, disclosure and relationship. Recreational activities for PLWHA and their families and friends are also organized. Community- based outreach workers in Kermanshah Triangular Clinic and nursing roles Community-based outreach workers are on the front line in the local community, and they know where, when, and how to contact even the most difficult-to-reach drug users in their neighborhoods. As a trusted and recognized source of information, an outreach worker can help drug users understand their personal risks for HIV and other blood-borne diseases and identify the preventive steps they need to take. As a peer, the indigenous outreach worker can encourage drug users to stop or reduce using and injecting drugs and enter drug abuse treatment. They can provide referrals to drug users for drug-abuse treatment, for testing and counseling for HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases, and for sterile syringe access programs. Outreach workers (nurses) are a vital link to:  ·educational and risk-reduction information on HIV/AIDS, HBV, HCV, and other STDs;  ·information and materials for behavioral change, including the HIV/AIDS risk-reduction hierarchy, bleach kits to disinfect injection equipment, condoms for safer sex, and instructions for proper condom use and disposal; and  ·Services for testing and counseling for HIV, HBV, HCV, and other STDs; drug abuse treatment; and other community health, prevention, and social programs. Team work As it is concluded from the above paragraphs, none of these strategies and planning can be done without having a good team work. Some of can be achieved by health care professionals, some by community workers, some by supporting their feelings. Coordination of services between the sectors One of the significant aspects of Triangular Clinic is that various services in sectors are coordinated. The Clinic has been taken enormous pains to establish this mechanism, which has ensured that the infected, affected and members of high-risk groups receive the maximum benefits. Key sectors coordinated other than ministry of health (government, which is main system) with include the Red Crescent Society, Imam Welfare Committee and the State Welfare Organization. How drug use and HIV are viewed may also depend on the sector of government concerned with the issue:  ·Health departments may see HIV and drug overdose as the fundamental problems posed by injecting drug use  ·The Police may be more concerned with crime associated with illicit drugs  ·Home Ministries or Patrols may be primarily concerned with suppressing the supply of drugs  ·Chief Ministers may be concerned with the overall impact of drug problems on the community Whatever approaches governments and other policy making agencies take towards illicit drug use, it is important that they carefully consider the full implications of their decisions. Declaring stringent bans on drug use, or advocating imprisonment for all offenders may sound like strong leadership, but in isolation from other public health measures, may simply result in more harm. Red Crescent Society The international organization provides several services in middle east related to the above strategies: financial and material support to PLWHA, HIV counselling for those engaged in high-risk behaviour and a volunteer training program in primary prevention. The Triangular Clinic supports this by facilitating the training and providing information. Volunteers attend the Clinic to help with referrals. . State Welfare Organization The state Welfare Organization provides inpatient and outpatient treatment and rehabilitation services for drug abusers. The Triangular Clinic regularly makes referrals to their abstinence-oriented treatment program. Government The second component of the Comprehensive Drug Control Program of the Islamic Republic of Iran focuses on drug demand reduction (DDR). In this area, the program will develop and enhance the national capacity for preventing drug abuse, as well as for the treatment and rehabilitation of drug addicts. In line with the guidelines of the National Five-Year Drug Demand Reduction Strategy, the project focuses on the consolidation of the Prevention Department of the State Welfare Organization and the Ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical Training, and on the decentralization of drug abuse control initiatives by strengthening local monitoring and control plans of action. The project will contribute to the development of national specialized technical skills and capabilities at central and local levels by providing training to specialists, NGOs and other voluntary organizations. Subsequently, the project will provide financial support and technical guidance for the first steps of drug demand reduction initiatives launched at local levels. A special emphasis will be placed on initiatives of NGOs that promote children s and women s rights. The problem of drug abuse in the penitentiary system will be addressed through ad-hoc activities introducing drug treatment and rehabilitation to the system. Finally, with regard to drug consumption prevention, the project will focus on raising public awareness of the dangers of drug abuse, and it will foster civil society s involvement in the need for the treatment and rehabilitation of addicts. Indicators a) Achievement of the sectoral objectives of the National Five-Year Strategy; ) Capability of the project to respond to new drug abuse trends and unpredicted related phenomena. constraints and policy issue The lack of a supportive policy environment is perhaps the greatest obstacle and challenge for controlling HIV among injecting drug users. Despite the fact that drug use drives the HIV epidemic in the country, the relationship between HIV and drug use is particularly neglected in terms of national policies on both HIV and drugs. Policy dialogue and policy reform are generally lacking with respect to injecting drug use and HIV. This lack of supportive policies makes it extremely difficult for programs to implement the activities necessary to reduce drug-related harm, especially HIV. While some progress is being made, national responses are generally inadequate and are not integrated into national development strategies, poverty reduction strategies and other key areas of development policy and planning. This has particular relevance to government looking to integrate concepts of sustainable human development into policy making processes, thus building the institutional capacity of governments for policy development and implementation. Drugs and HIV policy frameworks often develop at different times through different processes, so it is no surprise that they have often evolved with different goals and approaches. Drug policies in the country do not focus on public health issues such as HIV. Conversely, HIV policies often do not address injecting drug use. Instead, governments and development agencies place priority on finding long-term solutions to problem, rather than addressing the more immediate harm caused by drug use, most notably, HIV. In the absence of effective a correct and effective policies and programs to prevent HIV among IDU, community-based organizations are often the only agencies to implement responses. However the development of effective programs is often inhibited by government policies which prevent the implementation of interventions that have been proven successful elsewhere, such as needle exchange programs and drug substitution. This situation is changing, but often not until HIV has already begun to spread among IDUs. The challenge therefore is to identify ways of engaging governments, local programs and policy makers to develop policies that will support prompt implementation of effective responses to the epidemic among IDUs. To do this, governments and development agencies need better understanding of the nature and extent of the HIV epidemic among IDUs, exposure to different strategies, and examples of programmatic and policy responses for consideration West Kuwait Health Centre Triangular Clinic The Triangular Clinic in West Kuwait Health Center formerly operated as a hepatitis prevention and treatment clinic, but now offers HIV care, STD care and harm reduction services for drug abusers. Patients at the Clinic are largely referred from drug abuse treatment centers and are primarily referred for HIV counseling and care. there was just very minor report ( less than 10 males) from Kuwaiti, but their government was very cooperative with the new idea of opening a free clinic to help their youth, so the third triangular was in Kuwait. unfortunately, they did not provide us with the correct number of IDU North Basra (Iraq) Health Centre Triangular Clinic In July 2000, Iraq was among the countries having reported the large number of AIDS in its IDU adolescence in its prison, 8847 males. So The Clinic was established recently in an existing health center in North Basra. The centre provides family planning, mother and child care, and vaccination services during the mornings and services for drug abusers and their families in the afternoon. The Clinic was established at the health centre to provide better access for patients seeking services and to address the stigma attached to HIV and drug abuse. The Clinic primarily offers voluntary counseling and testing, and provides care and support services for HIV positive injecting drug abusers and their partners. Conclusion The HIV epidemic inIdrug abuser teenager is very complex and involves a mix of social, political, economic and ethical factors that are specific to each location In Iran injecting is a relatively new way of transmitting infectious disease. It is also behavior about which relatively little is known. HIV infection among injecting drug users is a new phenomenon in many places and current policies and programs may be insufficiently relevant to the specific challenges posed by contemporary drug use. We need to understand there are reasons for people to go after drugs. Partially reasons for increasing the Population of adolescence are:  ·Widespread stigma and marginalization in the community  ·Poor health status  ·Unemployment and poverty  ·Lack of access to health and community services  ·Lack of commitment from policy makers  ·Lack of information about risks of drug injecting Which is without government support and committed sectors is not achievable. Although individual groups and private organizations are trying to reduce the problem. References Ahmed R (1998) UNDP Co-Administrator, UN General Assembly Special Session on the World Drug Problem, New York, 9 June 1998 Anderson, E, McFarlane,E. (1996)Community as partner, theory and practice in nursing Ahmadi J, Fakkor A, Malekpour A. Current substance use among psychiatric patient. Archives of Iranian Medicine 2002;8 (5): 223-286. Drug Control Bureau. Annual report of drug control. Tehran: 2001. May Gott, M. , O’Brien-Peterson,L. , (1990). The roles of nurse in health promotion. HIV/AIDS in Iran. Health Deputy of Ministry of Health. Iran. Jan 2001. Imam Khomeini Organization, HIV/AIDS prisoners, Tehran 2003 King’s psychology network Ministry of Health and Medical Education. Five-year program on drug demand reduction. Tehran: 1999. Prison Monthly Journal, Dr. Maghani, Tehran July, 2004 Ministry of Health and Medical Education. HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report. Tehran. 2002 Razzhgi EM. HIV/AIDS in association with injecting drug abuse in Iran. Geneva: State Welfare Organization 1999. Tilak P. Pokharel, World Press Review correspondent, Kathmandu, Nepal, June 9, 2003 Unsigned editorial, Yas-e No (reformist), Tehran, Iran, Jan. 12, 2004 UN Agencies. Women on the move. The UN Inter-Agency Gender and Development Group. October 2000 WHO. Men and AIDS, Background document. Regional Office for Eastern Mediterranean. 2000. .