The Art of Japanese Management Essay Example for Free

The Art of Japanese Management EssayThe art of Japanese precaution talks slightly the differences of the Eastern and Western management, and clarifies this differences by citing transnational companies and the ways they did or do solve social and cultural worrys that the main management has nowadays. The book jumpstarts by seance on the history of great western giving medications like government, military and the church. Its divided in 8 chapters, but its mainly divided in 3 subjects The 7 S framework, the japanese reflection and The Ameri shtup way. The first loss leadership concept that shows is the line of command. Contrasting with China and Japan, the occidental society evolves separately with separate work spheres The church was always taking interest of the faith and the spiritual life of the men meanwhile the government and the commercial institutions had the role of providing the to the human beings to take care of the existence. The corporation started to growth acting as a dominant organization inside a society in this century. The western world was starting to leader the rest of the world, there was no surprise that we all know as modern management was a western invention.The new professionals have the alike(p) challenges as before in time How to efficiently administrate the organization, how to delegate responsibilities, and how to gratify and motivate the employees. The main difference between Western and Eastern organizations is that the last ones habituate the organizational structure and formal systems to attack these issues. In general, comparing with Western organizations, Eastern organization pays more attention on social and spiritual subjects. The political orientation takes persons to achieve organizational goals, but mainly and invariably, these are based on sanctions.Today, the most important tasks like the significance of punctuality, sense of belonging, sanctions against thievery, the importance of performance at work, and the ways to solve conflicts and issues are taking by society before their members take part of a companys task force. Most of the propagation eastern societies are representatively big, and most of the time matters like public, private and spiritual are so integrated that the companies take control of these type of tasks as a whole in human being. Company takes another role rater to just being transactions between work and capital.The book gives us the advice to take the best(p) practices of the Japanese administration and to adopt it to our environment, questioning some western truths and some management abilities. To explain the 7 S Framework, the book describes the actions of Konosuke Matsushita, yield of Panasonic, over the management of National and other companies. To start describing the Strategy, Matsushita broke all the existing rules about convention of company names, by naming his company National instead of Matsushita. He changed the way of product commercializati on by change it directly to the stores, without intermediaries, lowering embodys.Matsushita gave importance to market shares, high volumes of production generates saving on production cost allowing the company to transmit this reduced prices to their customers. The third element of the scheme was the followership, in which Matsushita didnt create or invent products, instead, the companys research and culture imitates it but the big difference was that the company offered the same product with an attractive improvement. His best concept of research and development was to take the product, imitate it to the maximum stop and to find a better and more attractive way to offer it to the competitor.Describing organizational structure, he fixed the goal of maintain the thing small and entrepreneurial. To start ripening, he organized the company into years. When he saw that the managers skill were improving, he figured out that they were preparing to be general administrators of a gro wing company, but the issue were that all the managers were making this progress in their abilities independent and separately. For this, he centralizes the controllerships functions, the personnel functions, he institutionalize a central banking company and the centralized all the training.Regarding Systems, Matsushita was the pioneer of the effective financial systems, and he copied the planning system from Phillips, the Dutch electronics manufacturer. The planning system consisted on that every 6 months, the managers of to each one division had to de bider 3 plans The first one was a plan to 5 years, in which he stipulates all the changes that the organization or division exit suffer regarding on alterations of new technologies and the environment. The second plan was a plan of to 2 years, in which stipulates how the division will translate the long term strategy in the new plants capacity and the new products.The third plan was the Program for the Next Sixth Months operation period. In this plan, the division explained month to month the sales projections, productions, incomes, inventories, accounts receivable, personnel requirements, quality control targets and capital investments. In questions of style, Matsushita was distinguee for his hands on approach. Matsushita infrastands that a manager has to effectively communicate to concourse down the line, telling them what he cares about. His key success has been the ability to get to the employees cardinal levels down and motivate him to energically pursue the organizations objective.Another in store(predicate) of Matsushitas style was the pragmatic approach to a conflict. As in real life, there will be adjustments and its means to pull together quite a to push apart. About spiritual set, Matsushita philosophy provided a basis of meaning beyond production. Matsushita was the first company in Japan to have a mental strain and a code of determine. This song was singed every day at 800 am al across J apan. For Matsushita, It was unthinkable that work, which occupies at least half of the day, should cut across its powerful role. The true has a inescapable responsibilities to help their employees themselves.The basic business principles were To recognize our responsibilities as industrialists, to foster progress, to promote general welfare of society, and to return ourselves to the further development of world culture The employees creed was Progress and development can be realized only done the combined effort and cooperation of each member of Our Company. Each of us, therefore, shall keep this idea constantly in mind as we devote ourselves to the c continuous improvement of our company. The seven spiritual values were 1. National Service Through Industry 2. Fairness 3. Harmony and Cooperation 4. Struggle for Betterment 5.Courtesy and Humility 6. Adjustment and assimilation 7. Gratitude. This values foster consistent expectations among employees in a work force continent to continent spread. Regarding Staff, Matsushita experience started with the basics of business. Every employee, whether they were engineers, accountants, or salesman, began with spending 6 months selling or working directly in a retail outlet. Also, each spends time performing routine tasks on a assembly line. The distinctiveness of the firm is that everyone that stays come to be a part of a culture with common understandings and shared values that helped to facilitate the business needs.Employees werent view as participating in management, but their opinions are sought. About skills, it is difficult in a Japanese organization to separate the people from the company. The most salient skills of the founder were the versatility sometimes he was intensely hands on and sometimes distant. Matsushita seems to combine the gifts of many men. The firms skills emerged from the consistent ways in which the parts of the organization all join together. Its organizational structure is reinforced by its system these gain significant support from the Matsushita style, spiritual values, and staffing policies.Human values were promoted with efficiency. Following this and through extraordinary inter consistency between strategy and skills, it is able to replicate the Matsushita model. The American way is reflected in a chapter that resembles all the managerial methods of Harold S. Geneen, which was president of multinational Telephone and Telegraph for over two decades. At first sight, the managerial methods implemented are devout, but they were created to work only in an environment with the same variables.The comparison between Matsushita and ITT wasnt perfect but gives us a clear perspective of how things can be done perfectly as Japans in our cultural way. Geneens behavior and tension he created produced and intense competitive pressures which drove the executives persistently. His method of management was traditional. There were important and interrelated elements in Geneen s management approach where he played a central role in his management design. The unshakeable facts, which are something hard and indisputable at minimum it is the primary opinion of an expert, based on the most current information.The second part revolved around a design of checks and balances using staff as latitude and independent source of information from the line and permitting overlapping delegations of authority among and between line and staff functions. The third part of Geneens approach was the use of oversize structured meetings as the focal point of his decision-making process. The fourth part was to impose of a variety of rewards and pressures to ensure his total command. Geneen created tensions between line and staff.In blood line with Matsushita, division managers were seen to lead a challenging and precarious existence, while line staff half of the time exaggerated problems to make they look good under the boss eyes. One product manager traced the source of the problem between line and staff to the bonus system, because it represented 30% or more of the salary. The problem was that putting staff on individual performance bonuses resulted in the justification of their existence. They were always trying to prove what they had done in order to look good in the reports. This created an adversary relationship with people on the line.The reward system drove that kind of behavior. Geneen meetings were interrogatory, even adversarial,. The general managers report had already been written and everyone assumed to have studied it, but the meetings were held to identify new problems. Part of what made Geneens system to work was the fear. Fear of being caught unread and being humiliated in meetings and of being punished. It its often said that positive motivations are more powerful than negative ones. Geneens personal style can also be described as attentive, committed, determined, pragmatic, and forceful and disciplined.His managerial approach had p owerful effects on others, and the labels they used to characterize these patterns in his behaviors, and thus his values and beliefs, were often charged with emotion. Seven elements were used to understand better both Matsushita and ITT. Strategy belongs to a firms plan of action that causes it to allocate it hardly resources over time to get from where it its to where it wants to go. Structure refers to the way a firm is organized, whether its decentralized or centralized, whether it emphasizes line or staff. Structure refers on how boxes are arranged.System refers to how information moves around within the organization. Staff belongs not to staff in the line/staff senses, but to demographic characteristics of the people who live in an organization. Skills are those things which the organization and its key personnel do particularly well. Style refers to the patterns of behavior of the top executive and senior management team. Super put Goals or shared values include spiritual an d significant meanings and shared values of the people within an organization and refers to the overarching purposes to which an organization and its members dedicate themselves.

England and the Colonies Essay Example for Free

England and the Colonies EssayThe origins of the United States of America can be traced to the colonization of England in the 17th and 18th centuries. Thirteen of the states that are like a shot part of the nation were initially English colonies. However, the relations between England and the colonies were severed when British policies proved to be too oppressive for the colonists. Eventually, the scrap led to the American Revolution, in which the colonies gained their independence from British rule. From the beginning, England and its colonies tolerate differed in terms of affable and semi semipolitical climate. These differences contributed in heightening the tension between the two. The colonies were yielded between the old age 1607 and 1733 (Perry, 1989). The first colony was set up in Virginia in 1607. During that time, monarchy still existed in England, but the power of the parliament in constricting royal potence had increased. This is the reason why the political climate in England was filled with tension. There was always a clash between the monarch and Parliament. When the first colony was founded, throng I was the ruling monarch.He had constant disagreement with the Parliament, a disagreement which would eventually worsen with his successor and son Charles I. The tension between the monarch and the Parliament had become worse, prompting a civil war to occur in August 1642. The outcome of the war led to the execution of Charles I and the establishment of a republic. Royal rule was only restored in 1660, with Charles II as monarch (Perry, 1989). The social climate in England was also filled with tension. This was the result of the religious conflict which began during the reign of James I (Perry, 1989).When his predecessor Elizabeth I was the monarch, the Church of England dominated but many people embraced Protestantism. A group of Protestants known as Puritans treasured to remove what they thought was Roman Catholic influence on the Chur ch of England. James I refused to acknowledge the Puritans clamor for religious change. During the rule of Charles I, the situation with the Puritans became to a greater extent intense. William Laud was the archbishop of Canterbury and he promoted unjust treatment of Puritans. Because of his encouragement, many Puritans were fined and put in jail (Perry, 1989).The political climate in the colonies was significantly different from that of England. The colonists did not have a single, central government. They were not ruled by monarchy or Parliament. Those colonies located in Massachusetts, Connecticut and New Hampshire had their own government and set of laws (Perry, 1989). In the pappa colony, William Penn even supported political freedom (Perry, 1989). This situation left no room for political conflict, as the colonies were left on their own to govern themselves.Hence, the political climate in the colonies was more calm and stable than that in England. It was not until the conflic t with England that the colonies were forced to unite and fight the British in war. On the contrary, the social climate is somewhat similar to that in England. Most of the colonists were persecuted in England for their religious beliefs (Perry, 1989). The reason why some of them decided to move to America was because they sought to establish a community where they could freely practice their religion.Unfortunately, some colonists repressed religious preference the same way British leaders did. In the Massachusetts bay laurel colony, they refused to welcome people who did not embrace the Puritan religion. However, other colonies were more tolerant than others. For instance, the colony established by Roger Williams in Rhode Island permitted people to practice some(prenominal) religion they wanted. The same religious tolerance was extended by Penn (Perry, 1989). England and the colonies differed in terms of political and social climate.In England, there was tension due to political c onflict and religious intolerance. In the colonies, individual governments avoided political unrest. Just like in England, religious freedom is also repressed in the colonies nonetheless, this repression is not absolute. whatsoever colonies tolerated differences in religion. These are the differences between England and the colonies.ReferencePerry, M. (1989). A History of the World. Massachusetts Houghton Mifflin.

American Beauty: Micro Features Analysis

Ameri female genital organ Beauty Micro Features AnalysisThe film I have specifically chosen for my micro-features analysis essay is Sam Mendess Academy Award winning motion picture American Beauty winning numerous Oscars and praise from critics. The communicative follows the miserable and daily lives of the Burnham family consisting of Lester, a middle aged man who is facing a severe mid-life crisis and is passing depressed, married to Carolyn who is an independent business women and housemarried woman and their uninitiated daughter Jane. The films promotional tagline look closer subconsciously implies that the appropriate suburban life-style depicted inside the narrative is not as ideal as initially perceived, therefore exploring the corrupt and dysfunctional Burnham family fuelled entirely by materialism. The brief sequence chosen for microanalysis is the exstance, other thanwise known as the opening which establishes themes, characters, inner and outer(a) presence and the w orld they inhabit. Sam Mendes, the director must specifically use a contri merelyion of all micro-elements including sound, mise en snap, cinematography and editing in straddle to grasp the viewers conscious attention and propel the narrative forward efficiently, however the two micro-aspects I have chose for analysis consist of mise en scene and cinematography which create pith and evoke responses from the audience.American Beauty immediately commences with Jane Burnham being recorded by an anonymous character, the confabulation between the two is extremely graphemel based on her ultimate intention to kill her father. The uncomfortable atmosphere compliments the compelling dialogue as it the amateur recording proficiency is specifically used in order to create realism which grasps the viewer into a submissive position due to the nature of the camera shot work shift into an intimidating low angle shot which consists of Jane dominating the frame with direct eye contacts creating an overwhelmingly intense atmosphere. The lighting within the room is severely restrict therefore being partially illuminated which creates a room filled with sinister shadows creating an ominous mood which emphasises her monotone clothing creating a mysterious persona that is unconventional for her age, more specifically sixteen therefore contradicting the typical cheerleader stereotype. Janes eye line match within the camera shot detonates determination, zooming at a problematic pace whilst staring in a sinister way into the camera engages the viewer based on the cameraman refusing to allow her to escape voyeurism.Carolyn Burnham is seen doing traditional young-bearing(prenominal) associated activities based on her natural characteristics hence her growing and maintaining the flowers within her garden, more specifically the roses are often associated with love and romance which is reflective of her provocative depict possibly fuelled by her intentions to find another sexual partner regardless of her husbands consent however one could consider gardening mentally satisfies Carolyn which inevitably reduces her inquire for sex, although as an audience we seriously doubt Lester cares due to his lacklustre body language. Lester perhaps outcasts himself from which unfortunately makes him invisible and unnoticeable, captured importantly during the scene where he is seen eavesdropping on the conversation between Carolyn and the homosexual next door neighbour. The intentional use of a cut in shot shows his lack of presence and participation within his wifes life, cut across shot initially establishes the conversation which is predictably followed by shot-reverse-shot, the focus ruthlessly shifts between the dialogue where the previously distorted and blurred figure is seen in the windowpane thus representing his fragmenting relationship with his wife and overall exclusion from society. Lesters perspective shows his helplessness to achieve acceptance hence his much more laid back overture to life, rather than a mundane lifestyle adopted by the majority suburban population, possibly aspiring to occupy a more hectic lifestyle however according to his established motivational issues in the exposition this seems highly unlikely. The outside of the house is illuminated entirely by natural light thus being much more glamorous therefore more appealing however he still holds distain towards it, in contrast the interior of the house is fuelled by minimal lighting which is significantly more realistic. In addition the interior of the house is also impractically dark which coincides with Lesters tone during the voice over narration thus displaying two conflicting worlds unfortunately he occupies the miserable one alone.Lester comments on the coincidental matching of Carolyns attire and gardening apparatus, handle on those pruning crop matches her gardening clogs, stating it is not an accident which can be applied to the significance of the door a nd its colour, more specifically being an intense shade of red which clear different from majority of white therefore standing out with exceptional bump which denotes violence which is depicted ruthlessly within the exposition and can be considered an important theme within the narrative. Lester has already foreshadowed his imminent death via voice over thus establishing the climax, building constant anticipation which makes the viewer become emotionally attached to the protagonist thus evoking empathy towards him and his circumstance.The explicit performance of Lester during the withdrawal scene in the shower reflects the realistic approach to the film, the initial shock of this scene can be uncomfortable for less mature audiences, and however it entices the viewer into the realistic world of Lester which is uncountable to the majority of the population who indulge in similar activities. The claustrophobic follow out within a shower cubicle can metaphorically represent a prison cell thus being imprisoned into a mundane suburban lifestyle. His body language during this scene is noticeably drained, the angle of his head on his own shoulders displays his lack of stability and main intention to sexually fill himself by his own means during the current moment regardless of anyones opinion, especially Carolyn thus referring to it as the highlight of his day without sarcasm. Lesters pleasured body language is due to the masturbation however it could potentially be exaggerated based on the thrill of doing something against the norms of society hence the use of highlight. Undoubtedly the severe lack of intimacy and interpersonal chemistry with his wife could possibly be the reason for the masturbation rather than traditional sex, perhaps he is probably bored with sex like the majority of other things due to his refusal to abide by social norms to maintain a stable relationship on order to satisfy one anothers needs.Whilst the Carolyn and Jane are waiting impatient ly for Lester to proceed towards the noticeably expensive yet convention middle class car, basic processes such as making sure the suitcase is shut mighty emphasises his severe lack of motivation and commitment to life. Lester is seen casually collecting his work from a high angle perspective, kneeling down in an inferior position to his wife puts significant emphasis in his subordinate role within the dysfunctional family, thus switching gender roles with his wife, which in the current society is refreshing although not predominantly for the traditional male ego especially for dignity and pride however the behaviour displayed by him implies that his couldnt care less. Carolyns performance such as the raising of the eyebrows displays utter disappointment since she is married to an individual who is such a useless contribution to society thus making him obsolete or otherwise redundant, as he is expendable. Her formal makes her seem significantly more financially independent, reinfo rced by the low angle perspective of Lester, making her seem significantly more intimidating and authoritative thus not requiring his assistance, potentially holding her back economically.The camera cuts to the family motionless within the car, unresponsive to one another with a significant lack of acknowledgement reinforced the extent of the families communicational breakdown, Lester is seen sitting on the back seat of the car slumped, possibly even asleep whilst his wife and daughter sit in the front eager to get on with their social life, whether it is work or school. Lester positioned between the two within the medium shot, displays his prominence however his physical existence is lacking, possibly lost during the recent years which he has been entirely consumed by the capitalist society. The clothing worn by Lester is model of his social class social indicators including his house, car and clothing coincide with the typical middle class individual. Natural light is present wit hin the scene but is obscured by the tinted windows, thus being restricted to reach its full potential, therefore subconsciously representing his constraints metaphorically hence the muted tones emphasising the lifeless atmosphere.In conclusion the micro-features within the exposition of American Beauty establishes key themes within the narrative, consisting of love, sexuality, identity, etc become more and more prominent as the narrative eventually progresses conveying numerous meaning during this brief sequence therefore dictating the characters personality and determining the choices they will make.

Strategies To Improve Student Achievement And Performance Education Essay

Strategies To Improve Student Achievement And Per familyance Education EssayIn relation to t individuallying, discernment is the judgement made by a instructor of each(prenominal) individual disciples, with the inclusion of homework or independent study. This is matched to educational criteria to assess how the pupils ar go uping. According to Dymoke and Harrison (2008) one of the main functions within secondary check is to dedicate these judgements in relation to grades, knowledge, skills and attitudes of each and ein truth pupil, continually pushing each and e genuinelyone to perform their personal best. Assessment appears to saturate the educational world for this very reason, with the emphasis on identifying strengths and areas of weakness.Within science there is much to assess, areas include homework, class work, hardheaded skills as with Individual knowledge and understanding within the scientific domain. Literacy, numeracy, and ICT skills, all of which are required t o do well in science, should be included in the judgement process. Behaviour and relationships with peers may also be judged, much(prenominal) as attitude to training and attitude to behaviour.There are many reasons behind assessment, as expressed by Tanner and Jones (2006) assessment gage form the account efficiency of schools and LEAs (local educational authorities) for the progress of pupils and possible selection for university and or placement in the work force. However assessment is primarily a government necessity in the sense of tests and GCSE examinations or equivalent. Assessment also offers the teacher the ability to monitor each child and their progress. The teacher essential be accountable for the progress within their classroom, for this reason assessment cease go away key information to be utilised in forward planning of subsequent lessons, so pupils can engage and gain access to learning that non only challenges their ability but provides room for meliorate ment.As a trainee teacher, prior to placement, my view was in communication channel to that of (Dymoke and Harrison (2008) whereby assessment was an area which was tacked on to the end of a unit or as part of formal assessment such as examinations, thus providing distinguish of understanding and learning taking place in a given subject. However as Shilvock and Pope (2008) point come forth assessment has become an entire part of pedagogy. In practice it is a tool employ without the lesson as an important role in being able to recognise both achievement and progression. Pupils are the centre of the learning process, being fully aware of their own abilities and derrieres to reach. This ultimately paves the way forward in their thinking and learning, through discussion, as assessment becomes part of the daily process.Assessment is not a new activity or requirement, but has more recently been the contract for teachers who are quest to improve their doctrine ability and the out come of their pupils, thus helping to raise the standards of pedagogy and indeed the school. The introduction of APP (assessing pupils progress) has simply brought the area to the forefront. As ofsted (2003) point out assessment training in higher education is both informative and central to practice. However the importance of finding out what pupils already know, and utilising this information to mold the planning and implementation of each lesson has not always been the main emphasis during observation of already established teachers. The focus is, however, on learning marks and outcomes, which are severalize to suit pupil requirements. However, from observation these are rarely relate to individual pupils, but more so to the scheme of work that is being taught and the direct descriptors associated, or so it would seem.Summative assessment comes under the umbrella of assessment of learning, for example the summing up at the end of a unit in the format of a test. The expirati on of which is fed back to the pupil and these results are use to make judgement on the pupils performance with regard to national standards. The results of which are invariably utilise to find out where pupils are in their learning. According to Fautley and Savage (2008) this type of assessment is instructive and generally follows a pattern of block teaching accordingly testing. Fautley and Savage (2008) go on to explain that this is typical of summative assessment and has been utilised within the education system for a long time. At world-class glance this may look like what was being taught within a specific unit is being tested, however an opposite glance may fall attention to the teaching of the unit itself that is being tested. Formative assessment comes under the umbrella of assessment for learning. This type of testing is not dissimilar to summative assessment but the results are used to plan the way forward. From here individual targets can be set based around pupil per formance. This can be used as a guide in decisions made on where pupils are in their learning, along with the ability to get where they need to go to improve, as laid out by Tanner and Jones (2006)Assessment for learning helps to improve assessment of learning by being the centre of pedagogy which enables pupils to actively spud part in their own learning and use of progression. Sue Hackman, chief advisor on school standards, states APP is all some acute enough to make rational judgements about where to target resources and when to offer pupils assistance. With the implementation of APP both pupil and teacher can, ultimately work together to implement strategies for learning through hold up and target setting. According to Shivock and Pope (2008 p55) assessment, if implemented slide downly, can help pupils to not only meet, but exceed expectations through setting high standards and motivational lessons that provide responsive teaching. As a trainee teacher development of asses sment strategies has become a vital role in being able to pursue learning and progression, whilst getting to know individuals. APP can be seen as the linking of formative and summative assessment, to be used instead of rather than running in conjunction with each other.Throughout the placement experience it has become apparent that assessment strategies and criteria are fully connected to learning objectives and outcomes, as with the national curriculum and their generic objectives. The latter(prenominal) often requiring some adjustment to match the learning needs of individual pupils. Opportunity for assessment clearly needs to be pinpointed throughout sort term, metier and long term planning to encompass a range of achievements. Assessment strategies used have also included wall displays such as level ladders and laminated assessment criteria, which have been directly linked to blooms taxonomy promoting stems of lesson objectives in the form of being able to describe, analyse, e xplain and link ideas. This of course is only useful if used in conjunction with the lesson objective and attention is drawn to them in terms of what is expected to progress to a specific level. A copy of this can be seen in the appendix and is provided by Grevatt (2007)APP is just beginning to appear as a new structured approach to pupil assessment. As discussed previously, this is not just about assessment for learning but the whole package where assure of pupils attainment is required both written and orally. Recorded evidence is reviewed, on a fixing basis, and judgements made accordingly. Evidence will also be used to consider if performance is higher, lower or secure in meeting requirements. Where APP has begun to be interconnected into the classroom, levels are cited in assessment frames which include thinking scientifically effects of society on science communicating and collaborating in science scientific investigations and at long last evaluating scientific investigati ons. This creates a language which allows for a dialogue with pupils about their strengths and weaknesses. So far these have proved quite difficult to implement, primarily due to the beat of information which needs to be absorbed, but more importantly the lack of individual training within this area. At present the criteria has been broken down and reformatted into pupil speak, being able to be accessed by both pupil and teacher accordingly. (Copies of these can be seen in the appendix)Problems encountered have mainly been a direct result of running both types of assessment together. Criteria is often varied or not connected and so presents a time consuming exercise. Once APP has been fully integrated to the whole school, teachers will be able to focus on one area for the purpose of recording evidence. This in rescind will ensure the mapping of progression whereby pupils, and their teachers, know what they can do and what their next steps are. This is of course only useful if mar king is also done regularly, with a set target for the assessment process to be educative.Consistent with Tanner and Jones (2006) I have found marking of pupils books a challenging area, primarily due to inconsistencies within the department on how and when books are marked. On many occasions it has been seen that books are quite often not marked for long periods of time thus proving difficult to track the progress of an individual. This has certainly been prevalent in reports for good assessment in secondary schools as provided by ofsted (2003). Ultimately this has an impact on school reports and parents eve where generic, insipid descriptions of pupil achievement have often been given. As a trainee this has had a strong effect on my own learning and understanding of how assessment is used in school, other than through testing at the end of a particular unit. I have seen little evidence of tracking other than baseline data from previous key acquaints and the use of CATs, (cognit ive ability tests) or for the purpose of EAL, SEN and those that are gifted and talented. For this reason the implementation of full tracking, as in the tools of APP, would prove invaluable. This not only helps to build a picture of the whole person, but can instantly show the progress of each pupil, providing an insight into areas of strengths or weakness.Other areas for concern have shown that assessment can often hinder effective learning, due to the encouragement of learning by repetition or without depth. drab Wiliam (1998) suggest that continual assessment can have a negative impact or create a competitive environment which in turn can de-motivate some pupils. This in turn can have the effect of labelling certain pupils into categories or abilities that may differ outside the assessment field. This was prevalent during placement, whereby many pupils seemed only too interested in the level or grade they got for the test, not actually what they had learnt. Occasionally this wa s used as a means to ascertain who was top or bottom of the class. For this reason it is imperative that pupils understand that the levels given are not a reflection of how clever they are, more so the stage they are at, and the speed at which they are learning. Everyone learns at a different pace and therefore some subjects may need revisiting or looking at from a different angle or method to gain full understanding. It by no means has any reflection on a pupils ability to learn.Assessment should not just involve testing of a given topic or unit, but more so incorporate observation, written, oral and practical skills within science. Although this is not always obvious, as a trainee, when find qualified teachers, it soon becomes an important and key role to gaining valuable information as to how teaching practice is progressing. Probing and questioning, especially target and rich questioning, has become topical, being beneficial for the learning process of an individual or the cla ss as a whole. Using inverted or open ended questioning is more favourable, as through discussion can show a deeper understanding and reason rather than just recalling facts. Questioning in the format of pose, pause, pounce and bounce has provided an arena to learn from each other. Subsequently all pupils can be involved, whilst misconceptions can be corrected through the guidance of the teacher. This has also provided immediate feedback enabling pupils to feel confident to move forward in their thinking and ability, contributing to deeper learning and understanding taking place.Liversidge et al (2009) point out that above all, assessment needs to be valid. For example if a pupil has achieved a defined outcome, which has been linked to the learning objectives, this then forms the first part of assessment within the class. As a trainee teacher this has proved invaluable as the first step to observing learning taking place. For this to be effective, it is a requirement to link questi ons to the objectives to draw out deeper understanding. Constant referral to learning objectives has proven to be a key opinion of assessing the whole class. This has also shown to be of great use when linked with target questioning to fit the appropriate level of a particular pupil. Furthermore predetermined questions often lead onto additional open ended questioning to cover the basis of the objectives. An example of this, used in class, can be seen as power-point slides the appendix. This has been very successful, as pointed out by bantam (2009) in assessing knowledge on what you are doing at the time. Although competence in this type of questioning comes with plenty of practice, knowing your pupils, confidence in subject knowledge and keeping the pace of the lesson on track, enables this type of assessment to flow systematically. Alternatively there can be a danger of trying to fit too much into a lesson, resulting in the loss of objectives, meaning or relevance behind what w as actually done. In unison with Dymoke and Harrison (2008), whilst on placement, this has been an area which is repeatedly reviewed, continually taking into account the necessary three part lesson plan, with constant reflection of tasks set for a particular objective to be met.The use of peer and self assessment can encourage reflection and ownership of work, where necessary improvements can be seen with immediate effect. More importantly, Petty (2009) suggests that grades can often be remarkably improved when used in the right context. In theory Black and Wiliam (1998) agree with this concept, albeit their research advises that teachers do not always use these simple but powerful strategies. On the other hand repercussions can involve pupils not wanting to swap work with each other. Generally pupils are honest, although critical, when pointing out strengths and areas of weakness, as in two stars and a wish, of their peers and so tend to enjoy this type of feedback. Formative asse ssment can be fun and engaging, as in the use of mini whiteboards, without pupils even realising they are being assessed. Both can provide immediate feedback of the class as a rule and an indication of who understands and has met the learning objectives. A range of assessment for learning tools to enhance lessons can be seen in the appendix. Many of which can be used to inform the basic structure of the following lesson, for example recapping areas of difficulty, thus bringing everyone up to speed and at the same stage in progress prior to moving forward to more difficult concepts.In conclusion targets need to be explicit, focusing on the positive and including areas for improvement. Judgments should be transparent so pupils are able to recognise quickly how to move forward. The implementation of SMART targets in conjunction with the objectives set, advising I think you are able to do this and to improve you must be able to. these are clear and concise.Whilst this sounds relatively simple it is clear through teacher training that assessment is a process of making judgements, through the aid of national criteria. Evidence of which is to be used by pupils and teachers to make decisions on where learners are, how to progress in their knowledge and learning, whilst giving the best option and advice on how to do this. It is also worth remembering none of this will make a difference if the evidence from assessment is not used in the correct manner.To make learning meaningful, assessment of any format needs to convey progress to pupils. In agreement with Dymoke and Harrison (2008) assessment is at the heart of pedagogy, and should be the focus of every lesson to enable future lessons to be relevant and learning to take place. Formative assessment should play an essential part in determining the temperament and structure of activities which clearly support the lesson objectives. Summative assessment is more prevalent when considering performance of the school, class sets and individual pupil performance in terms of levels when end official assessment periods as in end of term or unit testing. All teachers need to be involved in the in-service training on assessment as an everyday tool with the focus on formative assessment, how to implement it and what to do with the information. The only way for this to make an impact is to keep evidence and records of assessment on a constant and consistent basis. This information can be assessed using national criteria which in turn can be used to show how pupils are progressing and what is a requirement for them to move forward. Without this record of individual pupil progress the core of the classroom tends to become invisible and therefore cannot improve within their ability level and the system will simply not work. DCSF (2009)

Acme Is A Large Pharmaceutical Company Information Technology Essay

Acme Is A Large Pharmaceutical bon ton Information engine room Essay blossom is a large pharmaceutical party in Bangladesh. In exclusively districts, it opened branches. So that why, they charter communication technology, which way they kindle get all information close to their increase and that why they need a electronic networksite.In Bangladesh the pharmaceutical sector is champion of the most developed high-tech sectors which is contri anding in the countrys economy. After the promulgation of Drug Control Ordinance 1982, the development of this sector was accelerated. The summit Laboratories Ltd, the pharmaceutical study and the flagship Comp any of the ACME Group, is a Manufacturer and Global exporter of Human, Herbal and Veterinary Pharmaceutical products. Since its inception in 1954,Chapter 2Initial Study2.1. IntroductionIn Bangladesh the pharmaceutical sector is one of the most developed hi-tech sectors which is contributing in the countrys economy. After the pr omulgation of Drug Control Ordinance 1982, the development of this sector was accelerated. The ACME Laboratories Ltd, the pharmaceutical major and the flagship Company of the ACME Group, is a Manufacturer and Global exporter of Human, Herbal and Veterinary Pharmaceutical products. Since its inception in 1954, The ACME Laboratories Ltd, has been working relentlessly with a view to ensure health, vigour and happiness for all and is on a perpetual quest for excellence.2.2. Company BackgroundACME Group is one of the carrying and change global conglomerates in Bangladesh, with offices in all major cities, employing over three hundred0+ employees and dedicated tobringing the highest quality products and services to our customers. They exact an annual turnover of US $60 million with diversified interests in Pharmaceuticals, FMCG, Information Technology Services, Aviation Services, Printing Packaging Services, Trading Services, C F Services, App arls and more. The ACME Laboratories Ltd, the pharmaceutical major and the flagship Company of the ACME Group. The history of The ACME Laboratories Ltd. dates back to 1954 when a proprietorship firm was founded to manufacture ethical drugs. It started with the modest introduction of a few oral swimming products. The late Hamidur Rahman Sinha was the founder of the firm and was the main visionary of the organization until his sad demise in 1994. The firm was converted into a private Limited company in the year 1976. Commercial operation at the modernized plant equip with sophisticated and advanced facilities began toward the end of 1983. The Company has adopted the ISO-9001-2008 and WHO CGMP (Current Good Manufacturing Practice) prototypes. completely employees mustiness adhere to the documented procedures and SOPs (Standard Operating Procedure).Many challenges were overcome successfully to transform the company from a small unit to what it is today. Out of about 300 pharmaceutical companies in the country, The AC ME Labs is one of the top four.2.3. Description of flow rate establishmentThe ACME Laboratories Ltd. Has invested in state of the art formulation plants aligned to adjust market standards. Four plants based on the Dhaka site grass produce pharmaceutical products to the highest GMP judicial admissions. These plants have been designed by internationally recognized firms and equipped with the best machines that can up-to-the-minutely be found on the European and US markets. The ACME Laboratories Ltd. normally based on a current local musical arrangement, for what, it has a local larger marketing side all over in Bangladesh. Their total selling systems depend on marketing system. More than 1200 aesculapian Representatives of human sector, around 300 Medical Representatives of veterinary sector are the current worker of the marketing side of The ACME Laboratories Ltd. The MR is responsible to communicate with the customers. in that respect are two kind of MR. One is called Bu ffer. Their transaction is to stay in hospital and collect all prescription. And an other Mr.s duty is to communicate with the doctor and apothecary and motivate them for the products and take orders. The Area manager is always responsible for the Medical Representatives. Their duties are to observe t the proper communication betwixt MR and The ACME Laboratories Ltd. The client, If any problem occurs, he will report to Regional Sales Manager who is responsible for fulfill the requirements of MR and customers. His duty is also to replace and rearrange MR for all firmament zone and also concern for the delivery of product on season. The Assistant sales manager is one of the head of marketing side, who is direct communicating with the management. His duty is to inspect all marketing area and be aware about their service. He takes all responsibilities to build up their marketing marriage proposal of marriage comparing with other competitors. So their total marketing system is base d on door to door.2.4. Problem with the current systemIf the current system of The ACME Laboratories Ltd. Is analyzed, then it shows virtually lacks of current system such as communication gap, mistiming, over cost. Like the total selling system is based on door to door. So some time the MR fails to meet with the customer. Though they can meet, they dont get enough time to promote their product. Even sometimes the customer feels disturb for them. So this is a big untoughened point for the current system. A nonher weak point is timing. When an order has been taken, it was taken in paper. There are lots of order has been taken in a time. So it may be happened to lose one order or forget to rearrange on time. Today in every business sector, in that location are lots of competitions. So to buildup the business, it inescapably to be on the alert about the price. As there is communication gap between the MR and the management, they dont get the right skip over for the product cost c omparing with the competitors. So some products carry high value which is not affordable for our people. So the current marketing system of The ACME Laboratories Ltd is not a proper system for the business.2.5. Boundary of the projectAs ACME is a group of companies, here we are only working for ACME Laboratories Ltd. And we only concern to improved the marketing system and introduce the products to customer. So, as we concern only for product, our aim is only to improve website system better than foregoing website.2.6. Aims of the projectIf the company needs to fulfill their requirements and update their current system , it is suggested that they should have a software which one can communicate directly between the customers and the employees of The ACME Laboratories Ltd. This software can be web based, where the employees and the customers inform their requirement and the problem to the management. Even the company can promote their all new or old products in that software and the customer will get the information about their requirements and directly can order from this software. So it will save time and money.2.7. SummaryThough The ACME Laboratories Ltd is a leading Pharmaceutical company in Bangladesh but it has lots of competitors. So to continue with a good future, it should be upgrade its whole system .So for the marketing side, if they are able to get a software, which can be fulfill their requirements, They will get a standard feedback from this side. May be this will be a great step to lead in Pharmaceutical business.Chapter 3Feasibility study3.1 IntroductionIn order to make wise investments in a marketplace experiencing increasing levels of risk, companies are turning to feasibility studies to determine, if they should offer new products, services or set out a new business endeavor. The purpose of a feasibility study is to determine if a business opportunity is possible, practical and viable. So, when therell be a proposal for the improvement of T he ACME Laboratories, firstly this should be need to know that are they alright or do they agree with the conditions of the proposal system?3.2 Alternate solutionsThe current system of ACME Laboratories is totally manual. It totally depends on the marketing employee. So the management is always moving their decision according to employees report. For that reason some times they facing commutation problem and misguided. To solve this problem, they need a proper solution which may be based on computer weapons platform system such as may be a software or website.3.3 The proposed systemThere may be a proposal, which we suggest and decided by the management of ACME Laboratories, to make a website, which can be solve the current problems and guide the company for making the system easier.Advantages (of the web site)If the company have the proposal of website, they will be benefited in sever always. Like, itll solve the communicate problem between the employees and the management. Compan y can save the cost, what they spend for the knocking to the customer and also they can save their time as well to take involutions and order from the customers. So, this website can bring a new system for the company, which will lead the company to the go further.Disadvantage (of the web site)Therell be some disadvantages for this proposal. First they need setup everything for use a website. Itll take some cost. And some of employees are not familiar with the internet and website. So it will lay out problem to operate it. Even the company will always need the internet connection.If they face any problem for connection,may be itll stop the whole system and make it delay to process.3.4 Feasibility consideration3.4.1 Technical feasibilityWhen, therell be a proposal for a company, Firstly it needs to know ,the system of the proposal are suitable for the system. Like, for the website, first, it should be notice about the technical feasibility of the company. Because ,they have to have computers for every sectors, where there need to be communicate. And also need to be noticed about the flexibility of connection. If, there is a positive result about the technical feasibility, then the proposal can be proceed further.3.4.2 Economical feasibilityFor the proposal, it need to be ensure about the economical feasibility. Because for the web lotion they need some computers .So itll take some cost. Also they have to pay the internet bill and a charge for the Domain and hosting charge per year. So, if the company accepts the figure for the proposal, then itll be carry on.3.4.3 Operational feasibilityWhen there will be a technical proposal, it should be notice about the operational feasibility. Because, they need to operate the system and update all new information. So they must need to know about the operational knowledge about the website. Maybe, some employee needs to be trained up. So, if they are able to do it, then the proposal can be proceed on.3.5 SummaryThis fea sibility consideration is helping the developer to actualise if the company has the ability to use this website. Developer can also understand the range of the company which can help him to develop the website.Chapter 4 prerequisite epitome specification4.1 IntroductionACME is a large pharmaceutical company in Bangladesh. In all districts, it opened branches. So that why, they need communication technology, which way they can get all information about their product and that why they need a website, which can fulfill these requirements. To get information about their requirement, we took an audience so that the website, which we are going to make fulfill their needs.4.2 Interview recordAs, we are going to make a website for ACME Laboratories, at first, we need to know their requirements. For that reason, we took an appointment with the company Assistant Sales Manager Mr. Jafarullah. Interview was arranged on 23rd May, 2010 at 1100am. On that day, we met with Mr. Jafarullah and gat hered the requirements and record all details. This interview helped us a lot to get an idea about the website.4.3 DFD of existing systemRequire ProductsProcess product1Sales representativeCustomerM1Product infoConfirm availabilityProduct secernateProcess Order3Sales representativeCustomerConfirm orderM2Order infoResponse payFigure DFD plot for current system4.4 Requirements catalogueRequirement IDACME 1Requirement nameProducts Info tune activityMarketing ProductsSourceWebsiteOwnerMD. functional requirementInput products infoBenefitsTo introduce current product to customerCommentsEntry products describeRequirement IDACME 2Requirement nameUpdate InfoBusiness activityMarketing for new productsSourceWebsitePriorityCompany employeeOwnerMD.Functional requirement resume new products infoBenefitsIntroduce the new products to customerCommentsAdd / Delete products list4.5 DFD of proposed systemD1Product infoProcess Products1.Products register dataStaffSelect products for orderSaves quanti ty information2ProductsView productCustomerD1Product infoFigure DFD diagram for proposed system4.6 Elementary process descriptionIDProcess nameDescription1.1Information collectionCollected information from Assistant sales manager of ACME Laboratories Ltd.1.2Products listThey provide a book, from where we got the product name and details.1.3Make a proposal for a websiteWe submitted a proposal for a website and they approved it.1.4The required of websiteRequired a website where they can update or delete information by themselves.1.5Type of websiteThis will be a dynamic website, what we are going to make.1.6Overall fareWe showed a demo to the assistant sales manager and he was impressed.4.7 Entity relationship diagramCustomerStaffSales Representative4.8 Entity descriptionIn the DFD diagram of the existing system, name of some entities have been mentioned. Description of these entities is given below.Entity nameDescriptionCustomer NameResponsible for bye product.StaffResponsible for d ata store.Sales RepresentativeResponsible for Order product.4.9 Data catalogData itemDescriptionDatabase ProcessProductInput all data of the current productInsertDateManufacturing DateInsertUpdate new productIf any new product is made, that would be updated.InsertDelete productIf they want to remove product from database, they can delete itDelete4.10 SummaryAt the end of this stage, requirement analysis and specification helped us to gather all information and idea of our proposed website.Chapter 5System deign5.1. IntroductionBased on the user requirements and the detailed analysis of a new system, the new system must be designed. This is the phase of system designing. It is a most crucial phase in the development of a system. Normally, the design proceeds in stages5.2. logical design and descriptionACME Laboratories LtdACME PHOTOHOME ABOUT ACME PRODUCTS SUPPORT CONTACTSLatest NewsWelcome to ACMECopyright 2010. DIIT5.3. Sitemap nearly ACMEHOMEProductsSupportContactsAllopathicHerba lAdd Products5.4. SummaryACME website Sample has been designed. There sketches will be used to design. There are some logical diagram have been added on this document.Chapter 6Coding6.1. Home pageWelcome to ACMEif( $_GET)if( file_exists( includes/pages/.$_GETpage..php))include( includes/pages/.$_GETpage..php )else include( includes/pages/default.php )else include( includes/pages/default.php )?Copyright 2010. DIIT window.NREUM(NREUM=)NREUM.info=beaconbam.nr-data.net,licenseKeyde6e6cfad9,applicationID221047987,transactionNamebl0HMhMFDEYCWhJeWlcXMBQISwdGEFgfRBpYShEPAggHGxNRFg==,queueTime0,applicationTime1,attsQhoERFsfH0g=,errorBeaconbam.nr-data.net,agentChapter 7Testing7.1. IntroductionTesting a product seems very simple. It involves ensuring the product works as intended and does not fail. This is what we strive to achieve when testing program code. When some one read text books on testing there he/she will find that verification and validation is the name given to the checking and a nalysis processes that ensure the software conforms to its specification and meets the needs requirements of the customer.7.2. Unit testMethodValue enteredExpected resultRuntime resultCommentsAdd ProductAP(Allophathic) madeAdd ProductHP (Herbal)SuccessfulAdd ProductAP (Herbal)--Error7.3. Link testPageLinkExpected resultRuntime resultCommentsHomeIndex.phpSuccessfulABOUT ACMEindex.php?page=aboutSuccessfulPRODUCTSindex.php?page=products-ErrorSUPPORTindex.php?page=supportSuccessfulCONTACTSindex.php?page=contacts-Error7.4. SummaryThe keep of testing is critically important and we descried a scheme that provides both good documentation and a framework for test management. I gave some guidelines for test design, but recognized that this is a difficult problem which cannot be automated.Chapter 8Implementation8.1. IntroductionThe implementation phase is typically terminated b a imposing acceptance process, when the business manager declares that she/he is satisfied that the system meets it s objectives and sign off takes place.New Computer equipment needed.Users need to be trained.Data transferred from an old web system.New data entered.8.2. Maintenance planThe maintenance stage begins once the implementation is complete. This is typical of many medium size organizations. In larger companies, a full-time maintenance team may carry out all this work. Maintenance includes error fixing, updates and modifications which are necessary because requirements are incorrectly understood or specified, requirements analysis is not complete in time, and the needs of the business have changed.8.3. SummaryImplementation and maintenance is most important part of the project. The ACME must use a responsible person to take responsibility.Chapter 9Limitations and future plan9.1. Limitations9.1.1. This site is not fully dynamic (Only products page is dynamic)9.1.2. Contacts page is not work.9.1.3. Menu cannot add because there have a flash.9.2. Future plan9.2.1. This site will be a fully dynamic.9.2.2. Contacts page will be work when page is hosting a web.9.2.3. Admin will be added new menu.Chapter 10ConclusionAll work successfully completed. Now the website is ready for use. During implementation careful steps had to be taken so that it can get desired environment as needed. Limitations and future plan will be helpful for develop a more efficient website next time.

Miltons Mosaic Law and Law of Grace Comparison :: Milton Religion Religious Law Moses Essays

Miltons Mosaic Law and Law of Grace ComparisonCertainly anyone who has been involved with Sunday teach at church, has taken a religion class, or has any knowledge of the Christian religion has heard of Moses, the man who carried a big stick, parted the ruby-red Sea and led the Israelites out of slavery into the Promised Land. However, there is more to Moses story than a forty-year excursion through the desert. Besides his role in freeing his people, Moses in addition served as a vessel for the Word of divinity fudge. The events that this man was so instrumental in have been referenced throughout history, and the Law of Moses provides the basis of John Miltons discussion of divorce in his 1644 treatise Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce. In his exposition, Milton compares the approaches on divorce put forth by the Mosaic Law and that proclaimed by the Law of Grace, and uses them to support his own beliefs on the issue. As Milton argues his case for divorce, it becomes clear th at he manipulates Scripture to support his points. To understand how Miltons use of Mosaic Law, it is important to understand what it is. After Moses led the Hebrews through the desert, he was enlisted by God to act as a mediator between the Him and His people. Moses received the Ten Commandments at Mount Sinai and received from God multifarious enactments, by the observance of which Israel was to be moulded into a theocratic nation, thus the installment of Mosaic Legislation on the Israelites. (Moses) scratch with the Ten Commandments, the Law of Moses is the laws that God gave to the Israelites through Moses it includes many rules of religious observances given in the first five books of the Old testament. (Mosaic Law) Among the guidelines set forth by God through Moses were guidelines regarding diet (Leviticus 113), the consecration of priests (Exodus 295-9) and marriage (Exodus 2216). While the Hebrews were expected to abide by the laws laid out in the Old Testament by Moses, the coming and crucifixion of Jesus negated many of these laws, as the Law of Grace took precedence over everything prior. In his Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce, Milton uses scripture from two the Old and New Testaments and argues that the Law of Moses was more lenient than that of Grace, and therefore makes more sense.

Anthropology and Social Work Essay -- Anthropology Humanity Essays

Anthropology and Social WorkAnthropologists like myself try to figure outwhy present twenty-four hour period humans are the way they are.Meredith F. Small Female ChoicesWho are we? How old is the human species? Where did we come from? What do we believe and why? Is our own culture the compendium of civilization? What is reality? How have we arrived at a position where destroying the earth doesnt bother us very much? These, and many, many more are the questions that submit anthropologists to study human beings and our interactions. In fact, the presence of a driving question is the seed that creates anthropologists, as we will soon see.Anthropology is the study of humanity. As one top executive suspect, given the scope of the questions in the previous paragraph, anthropology is a broad field with many subfields (or methods) of gathering information. Lets look at some of these areas of study, the methodology for each discipline, and a few of the specialists and their research.ETHNO LOGY/ETHNOGRAPHYAccording to James Spradley (1979) in The Ethnographic Interview, ethnology is the study of culture (pg. iii). On the surface, this would seem the simplest of tasks. However most of us are incognizant that we are wearing Kants irremovable glasses when it comes to viewing other cultures&SHYour own personal biases and beliefs are fully intact. This ethnocentric viewpoint (defined by John Bodley as the tendency to evaluate other cultures in reference to ones own presumably superior culture2) is the biggest stumbling block to understanding other cultures and recognizing their own inherent value. The consume of the good ethnographer is to take off the glasses of ethnocentrism as often as possible and learn from other people what their world is like.In order to ... ...1989). Yuqui afforest nomads in a changing world. Orlando Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Public Broadcasting Service (Producer). Millennium series Inventing reality Videotape. Rosenthal,E. (1991, December). T he forgotten female. endanger 22&SHY27. RuppelShell,E. (1991, December). Flesh & bone. Discover 37&SHY42. Small, M. F. (1993). Female choices Sexual behavior of female primates. Ithaca Cornell University implore. Spradley, J.P. (1979). The ethnographic interview. Orlando Hartcourt Brace Jovanovich. Struever, S. & Holton, F. A. (1979). Koster Americans in search of their prehistoric past. Garden City Anchor Press/ Doubleday. Stuart, G. E. & McMananon, F. P. (1996). Archaeology & you. Washington D.C. National Geographic Society. Zastrow, C. (1996). Introduction to social work and social welfare (6th ed.). Pacific Grove BrookslCole Publishing.